wꜣḥ

Egyptian

Pronunciation

 
  • (reconstructed) IPA(key): /ˈwaːʀaħ/ → /ˈwaːʀaħ/ → /ˈwaːʔəħ/ → /ˈwoːʔəħ/

Verb

 3-lit.

  1. (transitive) to lay (down), to put, to set (down)
  2. (transitive) to apply (a remedy)
  3. (intransitive) to endure
  4. (intransitive, as a non-attributive relative/emphatic form) used in introductory formulae for oaths, usually with a king or god as subject: As long as … endures, …
  5. (transitive) to leave aside

Inflection

Conjugation of wꜣḥ (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: wꜣḥ, geminated stem: wꜣḥḥ
infinitival forms imperative
infinitive negatival complement complementary infinitive1 singular plural
wꜣḥ
 wꜣḥw, wꜣḥ
 wꜣḥt
 wꜣḥ
 wꜣḥ
‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem periphrastic imperfective2 periphrastic prospective2
wꜣḥ
 ḥr wꜣḥ
 m wꜣḥ
 r wꜣḥ
suffix conjugation
aspect / mood active passive contingent
aspect / mood active passive
perfect wꜣḥ.n
 wꜣḥw, wꜣḥ
 consecutive wꜣḥ.jn
 active + .tj1, .tw2
active + .tj1, .tw2
terminative wꜣḥt
perfective3 wꜣḥ
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 obligative1 wꜣḥ.ḫr
 active + .tj1, .tw2
imperfective wꜣḥ
 active + .tj1, .tw2
prospective3 wꜣḥ
 wꜣḥḥ
 potentialis1 wꜣḥ.kꜣ
 active + .tj1, .tw2
active + .tj1, .tw2
subjunctive wꜣḥ
 active + .tj1, .tw2
verbal adjectives
aspect / mood relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms participles
active passive active passive
perfect wꜣḥ.n
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 — —
perfective wꜣḥ
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 wꜣḥ
 wꜣḥ, wꜣḥw5, wꜣḥy5
imperfective wꜣḥ, wꜣḥy, wꜣḥw5
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 wꜣḥ, wꜣḥj6, wꜣḥy6
 wꜣḥ, wꜣḥw5
prospective wꜣḥ, wꜣḥtj7
 — wꜣḥtj4, wꜣḥt4

1 Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
2 Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
3 Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
4 Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. 5 Only in the masculine singular.
6 Only in the masculine.
7 Only in the feminine.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of wꜣḥ  

wꜣḥ wꜣḥ wꜣḥ wꜣḥ wꜣḥ wꜣḥ wꜣḥj
[chiefly Old Kingdom] [chiefly Old Kingdom] [chiefly Old Kingdom] [20th Dynasty]
in hieratic

Derived terms

Descendants

  • Demotic: wꜣḥ
    • Akhmimic Coptic: ⲟⲩⲱϩ (ouōh), ⲟⲩϩⲱ (ouhō)
    • Bohairic Coptic: ⲟⲩⲟϩ (ouoh), ⲟⲩⲁϩ (ouah), ⲟⲩⲱϩ (ouōh)
    • Fayyumic Coptic: ⲟⲩⲱϩ (ouōh)
    • Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲟⲩⲱϩ (ouōh)
    • Sahidic Coptic: ⲟⲩⲱϩ (ouōh)

References

  • Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN
  • Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1926–1961) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN
  • Černý, Jaroslav (1976) Coptic Etymological Dictionary, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN
  • James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 386.
  • Hoch, James (1997) Middle Egyptian Grammar, Mississauga: Benben Publications, →ISBN, page 162
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