yoo

See also: Appendix:Variations of "yoo"

English

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /juː/
Audio (Southern England): (file)
Rhymes: -uː

Pronoun

yoo

Eye dialect spelling of you.

Anagrams

Oyo

Afar

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈjoː/ [ˈjoː]
Hyphenation: yoo

Pronoun

yóo

Full form of yó

References

E. M. Parker, R. J. Hayward (1985) An Afar-English-French dictionary (with Grammatical Notes in English), University of London, →ISBN, page 237
Mohamed Hassan Kamil (2015) L’afar: description grammaticale d’une langue couchitique (Djibouti, Erythrée et Ethiopie)‎^[1], Paris: Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (doctoral thesis)

Isthmus Zapotec

Noun

yoo

house

Pnar

Etymology

From Proto-Khasian *-jaːw. Cognate with Khasi ïohi.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /jo/

Verb

yoo

to see

Southeastern Tepehuan

Verb

yoo

past of yootaꞌ

Teposcolula Mixtec

Etymology

From Proto-Mixtec *yòòʔ.

Noun

yoo

moon

Derived terms

yo ya hi yoo
yocanayoo
yondij
yoo dzavua
yoo nina yodzo
yoo ninachitu
yoo ninduvui nee
yoo ninoo cuvui
yoo ninu quaa cuhua
yoo quanduvuidzuchi
yoo yeq
yoo ñañu
yooninacuvuindaa
yoonindoto
yooninuundaa
yosihi yoo
yosino yoo
yotnoo

References

Alvarado, Francisco de (1593) Vocabulario en lengua misteca (in Spanish), Mexico: En casa de Pedro Balli, page 140v

Western Apache

Etymology

From Proto-Athabaskan *yu·ʔ. Cognates include Navajo yooʼ, Chiricahua yoo, Lipan yoo, Plains Apache zhoo.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [jòː]

Noun

yoo (possessed form -yo’)

bead, beads
shiyo’ ― my beads

biyo’ ― her/his/their beads

Usage notes

The form yoo is occurs in the San Carlos varieties; yoo’ occurs in White Mountain and Dilzhe’eh (Tonto).

Wolof

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /jɔː/
Audio: (file)

Noun

yoo (definite form yoo wi)

mosquito

Yoruba

Alternative forms

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /jóò/, /jóó/

Verb

yóò or yóó

(auxiliary) will, shall; marks the intentional aspect (see table below), representing an intention to do something. Sometimes described as a marker of future tense or volition.
Synonyms: á, máa, ń

The unmarked form of a verb “indicates a completed action”, e.g. mo lọ sí ilé-ìwé (“I went to school”), though with stative verbs like mọ́ (“to know”) and wà (“to exist”), the action is expressed without particularization, e.g., as “a statement of a general character or universal truth” (Ogunbọwale, 1970), or without any notion of past tense. Take for example, oorú mú (“it is hot”) and mo ní ilé (“I have a house”).

Progressive

Termed the incompletive by Ajani (2001), this describes an action in progress, “either in the present or before the present”. The sentence wọ́n ń ṣiṣẹ́ could be translated as “they are busy working” or “they were busy working”.

Relational

This aspect “describes an event or activity that is not complete, with reference to an ongoing event”. Though it may represent an action that has already taken place, the suggestion is that the relevance or effect of said action is still ongoing. The sentence ẹ ti jẹun translates to “you have eaten” or “you ate” — Ajani (2001) notes that “although the activity of eating has taken place sometime before the moment of speech, its effect is still being felt and is still considered incomplete with reference to [an]other activity or event at the moment of utterance”. Previous studies have inaccurately characterised ti as a marker of perfective aspect. Adéwọlé (1991) demonstrates that ti, as a relational marker, can be strung together with other markers to express a sequential relationship between events.

Wọ́n ò tí ì jí.

They haven’t woken up.

Anticipative

This aspect describes an activity “that is non-existent but likely to take place”, and can be used in “predicting, planning, or speculation”. It can be translated as “will”, “might” or “have plans to”, expressing anticipation of a possible future event or action.

Intentional

Like the anticipative, yóò is mainly used to refer to actions in the future, though it differs from máa in that it expresses an intention to do something. It “denotes that the speaker has control over the performance of the activity in question, and has weighed all the options before making the decision”. Note that yóò cannot be used after regular pronouns, the subject must be an emphatic pronoun like èmi or òun.

Ẹ̀yin yóò wá kí wa lọ́la.

You intend to come and visit us tomorrow.

Backgrounder

Provides “a background to another action that is yet to take place. […] the backgrounder aspect operates within the main clause to provide a background to the event described in the subordinate clause that is introduced by 'kí' (before).”

Àwa yóò ti lọ kí ẹ tó padà.

We will have left before you return.

Inceptive

Describes “an activity that is yet to begin but which the speaker has decided to embark upon shortly […] There is an anticipation, informed by a decision, to embark upon the process of leaving the place of utterance”. This aspect is somewhat similar to the intentional yóò, but it suggests that the subject of the sentence has made a decision to do something in the near future.

Èmi yóò máa lọ.

I will be leaving any time from now.

Manifestive

This sequence “describes an activity that would have started prior to another one”. In the manifestive, “the activity is expected to have begun and be ongoing before the second event takes place”. There is also an intention or expectation, by the speaker, to have already started doing something “by the time the subject of the second clause arrives on the scene”.

A ti máa lọ kí o tó dé.

We will have left before you arrive.

Relevant–inceptive

This “describes an activity that has or had just started but is or was still on-going before another one”. The activity, “though begun prior to the moment of speech, still has relevance and effect at the moment of speech”.

Wọ́n ti ń sùn kí a tó dé ilé.

They had already gone to bed and were sleeping before we got home.

In this sentence, the “act of sleeping carried on into the moment of speech” and “probably was interrupted with the arrival of the persons in the second clause”.

Habitual

The habitual aspect in Yoruba “describes an activity that was performed on a regular basis prior to the present or is continually performed on a regular basis. It refers to a habitual event or activity, either in a timeless frame or in a past frame”. It may be analysed as the habitual aspect in the past tense, or without any “specific time frame of reference”.

Expective

This “describes an activity that will have begun and still be ongoing before another one takes place”, and may be analysed as a combination of the backgrounder and anticipative aspects. While “the backgrounder deals with an event that would have begun and have been completed before another event, the expective deals with an event that would have begun and would still be ongoing before a second event takes place”. This aspect is similar to the manifestive, but there is a “sense of certainty” that the manifestive lacks.

Ìwọ yóò ti máa kàwé kí a tó jí.

You will have been reading before we wake up.

Antecedent completion

This aspect “describes an action that used to have been completed, on a regular basis, prior to another activity”, and may be seen as the addition of incompleteness (ń) to the manifestive aspect (ti máa), or relationality (ti) to the habitual aspect (máa ń). While “the manifestive describes an activity that would have started prior to another one, the antecedent completion describes an activity or event that took place regularly before another one over a period of time prior to the moment of utterance”.

Wọ́n ti máa ń jẹun tán kí a tó lọ.

They used to have finished eating before we left.

Tense and aspect in Yoruba (Ogunbọwale, 1970)
	Primary			Relational
	Unmarked	Habitual	Progressive–continuous	Fixed beginning	Fixed end
Present–past	∅	máa ń a máa ń	ń	ti ń	ti ³ ti máa ń ⁴ a ti máa ⁴
Future	yóò ¹ ó máa á	—	yóò máa ¹ ó máa á máa	yóò ti máa ¹ ó ti máa á ti máa	yóò ti ¹ ó ti á ti
Negative constructions (Adebayo, 2021)
	Primary			Relational
	Unmarked	Habitual		Fixed beginning	Fixed end ²
Present–past	kò ²	kì í ⁵ kì í máa ⁵ kò ń ² kò máa ń ²		—	kò ì ³ kò tí ì ³ ⁵ kò ì tí ì ³ ⁵ kò ti ń ⁴ kò ti máa ń ⁴
Future	kò níí ² kì yóò ¹ kì ó	kì yóò máa ¹		kì yóò tí ì máa ¹ ⁵ kò níí tí ì máa ² ⁵	kì yóò tí ì ¹ ⁵ kò ì kò ì níí kò níí tí ì ⁵ kò tí ì níí ⁵

Footnotes

yóó, yíò and yíó are alternative forms of yóò. Note that if a pronoun comes before yóò, that pronoun must be emphatic.
ò is an alternative form of kò, often used after personal pronouns.
Treated as representations of the “perfective unmarked” aspect in Bamgboṣe (2000) and completive aspect in Ogunbọwale (1970). This aspect is termed “relational” by Adéwọlé (1991) and Ajani (2010) in their analyses.
According to Ogunbọwale (1970), these are used to “describe a habitual action in the past but one which has ceased to exist”. This is analogous to the aspect of “antecedent completion” in the analysis by Ajani (2010).
kì í and tí ì are sometimes written without spaces: kìí and tíì.

References

Adebayo, T. A. (2021) “Yorùbá Sentential Negative Markers”, in Studies in African Linguistics, volume 50, number 1, →DOI, pages 140–166
Adéwọlé, L. O. (1991) “Aspect and Phase Systems in Yoruba”, in Calgary Working Papers in Linguistics, volume 14, pages 1–20
Ajani, Timothy Temilọla (2001) Aspect in Yoruba and Nigerian English, University of Florida dissertation
Bamgboṣe, Ayọ (2000) A Grammar of Yoruba, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN
Ogunbọwale, P. O. (1970) The Essentials of the Yoruba Language, London: University of London Press, →ISBN, →OCLC

Yosondúa Mixtec

Etymology

From Proto-Mixtec *yòòʔ.

Noun

yoo

moon
month

Derived terms

jaꞌa yoo
xini yoo

References

Beaty de Farris, Kathryn, et al. (2012) Diccionario básico del mixteco de Yosondúa, Oaxaca (Serie de vocabularios y diccionarios indígenas “Mariano Silva y Aceves”; 46)‎^[2] (in Spanish), third edition, Instituto Lingüístico de Verano, A.C., page 93

Zacatepec Chatino

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /joː/

Noun

yoo

earth, ground, soil

Derived terms

References

Stéphanie Villard (2015) The Phonology and Morphology of Zacatepec Eastern Chatino‎^[3], University of Texas at Austin (PhD thesis), page 61