Egyptian
Etymology
Related to zf (“to slaughter, cut up”), zft (“sword, knife”).
Pronunciation
- (verb): (reconstructed) IPA(key): /ˈzaːfac/ → /ˈsaːfaʔ/ → /ˈsaːfa/ → /ˈsoːfə/
Verb
3-lit.
- (transitive) to slaughter, to butcher (animals) [since the Old Kingdom]
c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE,
Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 144–146:
- zft.j n.k kꜣw m zj n sḏt wšn.n.j n.k ꜣpdw
- I will slaughter bulls for you as a burnt offering, having wrung the necks of birds for you.
- (transitive) to kill (enemies) in battle [since the New Kingdom]
Inflection
Conjugation of zfṯ (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: zfṯ, geminated stem: zfṯṯ
| infinitival forms
|
imperative
|
| infinitive
|
negatival complement
|
complementary infinitive1
|
singular
|
plural
|
zfṯ
|
zfṯw, zfṯ
|
zfṯt
|
zfṯ
|
zfṯ
|
| ‘pseudoverbal’ forms
|
| stative stem
|
periphrastic imperfective2
|
periphrastic prospective2
|
zfṯ
|
ḥr zfṯ
|
m zfṯ
|
r zfṯ
|
| suffix conjugation
|
| aspect / mood
|
active
|
passive
|
contingent
|
| aspect / mood
|
active
|
passive
|
| perfect
|
zfṯ.n
|
zfṯw, zfṯ
|
consecutive
|
zfṯ.jn
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| terminative
|
zfṯt
|
| perfective3
|
zfṯ
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
obligative1
|
zfṯ.ḫr
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| imperfective
|
zfṯ
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| prospective3
|
zfṯ
|
zfṯṯ
|
potentialis1
|
zfṯ.kꜣ
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| subjunctive
|
zfṯ
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| verbal adjectives
|
| aspect / mood
|
relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms
|
participles
|
| active
|
passive
|
active
|
passive
|
| perfect
|
zfṯ.n
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
—
|
—
|
| perfective
|
zfṯ
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
zfṯ
|
zfṯ, zfṯw5, zfṯy5
|
| imperfective
|
zfṯ, zfṯy, zfṯw5
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
zfṯ, zfṯj6, zfṯy6
|
zfṯ, zfṯw5
|
| prospective
|
zfṯ, zfṯtj7
|
—
|
zfṯtj4, zfṯt4
|
1 Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
2 Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
3 Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
4 Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn.
5 Only in the masculine singular.
6 Only in the masculine.
7 Only in the feminine.
|
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of zfṯ
|
|
| zft
|
| [since the Middle Kingdom]
|
Derived terms
Noun
m
- butcher
Inflection
Declension of zfṯ (masculine)
| singular
|
zfṯ
|
| dual
|
zfṯwj
|
| plural
|
zfṯw
|
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of zfṯ
References
- Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1929) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache[1], volume 3, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 443.15–444.2
- Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, page 225
- James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 332.