Cercozoa

Cercomonas sp.

Taxonavigation

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Diaphoretickes
Cladus: Tsar
Cladus: Sar
Infraregnum: Rhizaria
Phylum: Cercozoa
Subphyla: Filosa

Ordo (incertae sedis): Gymnosphaerida

Genera (incertae sedis): Allas – Feuerbornia – Heliobodo – Proleptomonas – Wagnerella – Zoelucasa

Name

Cercozoa Cavalier-Smith, 1998

References

Adl, S.M., Simpson, A.G.B., Farmer, M.A., Andersen, R.A., Anderson, O.R., Barta, J.R., Bowser, S.S., Brugerolle, G., Fensome, R.A., Fredericq, S., James, T.Y., Karpov, S., Kugrens, P., Krug, J., Lane, C.E., Lewis, L.A., Lodge, J., Lynn, D.H., Mann, D.G., McCourt, R.M., Mendoza, L., Moestrup, Ø., Mozley-Standridge, S.E., Nerad, T.A., Shearer, C.A., Smirnov, A.V., Spiegel, F.W. & Taylor, M.F.J.R. 2005. The new higher level classification of eukaryotes with emphasis on the taxonomy of protists. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 52(5): 399–451. DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2005.00053.x . PDF. Reference page.
Adl, S.M., Simpson, A.G.B., Lane, C.E., Lukeš, J., Bass, D., Bowser, S.S., Brown, M.W., Burki, F., Dunthorn, M., Hampl, V., Heiss, A., Hoppenrath, M., Lara, E., Le Gall, L., Lynn, D.H., McManus, H., Mitchell, E.A.D., Mozley-Stanridge, S.E., Parfrey, L.W., Pawlowski, J., Rueckert, S., Shadwick, L., Schoch, C.L., Smirnow, A. & Spiegel, F.W. 2012. The revised classification of eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 59(5): 429–514. DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x [Erratum: 60(3): 321. DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12033 ] Reference page.
Bass, D.; Chao, E.E.-Y.; Nikolaev, S.; Yabuki, A.; Ishida, K.-i.; Berney, C.; Pakzad, U.; Wylezich, C.; Cavalier-Smith, T. 2008: Phylogeny of novel naked filose and reticulose Cercozoa: Granofilosea cl. n. and Proteomyxidea revised. Protist, 160: 75–109.
Cavalier-Smith, T. 1998. A revised six-kingdom system of life. Biological Reviews 73(3): 203–266. DOI: 10.1017/s0006323198005167 PDF Free Reference page.
Cavalier-Smith, T. 2002. The phagotrophic origin of eukaryotes and phylogenetic classification of Protozoa. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 52(2): 297–354. DOI: 10.1099/00207713-52-2-297 Reference page.
Cavalier-Smith, T. & Chao, E.E. 2003. Phylogeny and classification of phylum Cercozoa (Protozoa). Protist 154(3–4): 341–358. PMID: 14658494 DOI: 10.1078/143446103322454112 Reference page.
Gordon, D.P., Diggles, B.K., Meisterfeld, R., Hollis, C.J. & Buchanan, P.K. 2012. 15. Phylum Cercozoa: cercomonads, filose testate amoebae, Phaeodaria, plasmodiophoras, Gromia, haplosporidians, and kin. Pp. 233-241 in: Gordon, D.P. (ed.) 2012. New Zealand inventory of biodiversity. Volume 3. Kingdoms Bacteria, Protozoa, Chromista, Plantae, Fungi. Canterbury University Press, Christchurch, New Zealand. Reference page. Reference page.

Alternative classifications

Cavalier-Smith (1998)

Cavalier-Smith, T. 1998. A revised six-kingdom system of life. Biological Reviews 73(3): 203–266. DOI: 10.1017/s0006323198005167 PDF Free Reference page.

Kingdom Protozoa

Subkingdom Neozoa
- Infrakingdom Sarcomastigota
  - Phylum 2. Cercozoa phyl. nov. (syn. Rhizopoda Von Siebold 1845 stat. nov. Haeckel 1886 as emended by Cavalier-Smith 1995b, 1997a; present phylum emended by addition of Spongomonadida and transfer of Cristidiscoidia to Choanozoa: Cavalier-Smith, 1997b)
    - Subphylum Phytomyxa Cavalier-Smith 1997 (e.g. Plasmodiophora)
    - Subphylum Reticulofilosa Cavalier-Smith 1997 (e.g. Chlorarachnion, Cryptochlora)
    - Subphylum Monadofilosa Cavalier-Smith 1997 (e.g. Cercomonas, Gymnophrys, Euglypha, Spongomonas)

Doweld (2001)

Doweld, A.B. 2001. Prosyllabus Tracheophytorum. Tentamen systematis plantarum vascularium (Tracheophyta) [Prosyllabus Tracheophytorum. Опыт системы сосудистых растений]. LXXX + 110 pp. Moscow: Geos. ISBN 5-89118-283-1. Фундаментальная электронная библиотека «Флора и фауна» DJVU Google Books Reference page.

Regnum Euglenobiota Leedale ex Doweld 2001 regn. nov.

Subregnum 1. Cercomonadobiotina Doweld 2001 subregn. nov. (= Chlorarachniobiotina Corliss 1994 ("Chlorarachniophyta"))
- Phylum 1. Cercomonadozoa Karpov 1990 ("Cercomonada")
  - Class 1. Apusomonadatea Doweld 2001 cl. nov.
  - Class 2. Thaumatomonadatea Mikrjukov 2000 ("Thaumatomonadea")
  - Class 3. Cercomonadatea Mikrjukov 2000 ("Cercomonadea")
  - Class 4. Dimorphiellatea Doweld 2001 cl. nov.
  - Class 5. Clathrulinatea Kussakin & A.L.Drozdov 1998 ("Clathruliniodes")
- Phylum 2. Chlorarachniozoa D.J.Hibberd & R.E.Norris 1984 ("Chlorarachniophyta")

Cavalier-Smith (2002)

Cavalier-Smith, T. 2002. The phagotrophic origin of eukaryotes and phylogenetic classification of Protozoa. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 52(2): 297–354. DOI: 10.1099/00207713-52-2-297 Reference page.

Kingdom Protozoa

Subkingdom Gymnomyxa
- Infrakingdom Rhizaria
  - Phylum Cercozoa
    - Subphylum Monadofilosa
    - Subphylum Reticulofilosa
    - Subphylum Endomyxa

Hausmann et al. (2003)

From Hausmann, K., N. Hulsmann, R. Radek. Protistology. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchshandlung, Stuttgart, 2003.

Empire Eukaryota Chatton, 1925 (= Eukarya)

Phylum Cercozoa Cavalier-Smith, 1998
- Subphylum Phytomyxa Cavalier-Smith, 1998 (Plasmodiophorea)
- Subphylum Reticulofilosa Cavalier-Smith, 1998 (Chlorarachnida)
- Subphylum Monadofilosa Cavalier-Smith, 1998

Cavalier-Smith & Chao (2003)

Cavalier-Smith, T. & Chao, E.E. 2003. Phylogeny and classification of phylum Cercozoa (Protozoa). Protist 154(3–4): 341–358. PMID: 14658494 DOI: 10.1078/143446103322454112 Reference page.

Cercozoa Cavalier-Smith 1998

Subphylum 1. Filosa Cavalier-Smith subphyl. nov.
- Superclass 1. Reticulofilosa Cavalier-Smith 1996/7 stat. nov.
  - Class 1. Chlorarachnea Hibberd and Norris 1984
    - Order Chlorarachnida Hibberd and Norris 1984 (e.g. Chlorarachnion, Bigelowiella, Lotharella, Cryptochlora, Gymnochlora)
  - Class 2. Spongomonadea Cavalier-Smith 2000
    - Order Spongomonadida Hibberd 1983 (e.g. Spongomonas, Rhipidodendron)
  - Class 3. Proteomyxidea Lankester 1885 emend.
    - Order 1. Pseudosporida Cavalier-Smith 1993. Family Pseudosporidae Berlese in Saccardo 1888 (e.g. Pseudospora)
    - Order 2. Leucodictyida Cavalier-Smith 1993 emend.
      - Family 1. Leucodictyidae Cavalier-Smith 1993 (e.g. Leucodictyon, Reticulamoeba)
      - Family 2. Massisteriidae Cavalier-Smith 1993 (Massisteria)
    - Order 3. Heliomonadida Cavalier-Smith 1993 (Dimorpha, Tetradimorpha)
    - Order 4. Reticulosida Cavalier-Smith ord. nov. (e.g. Gymnophrys, Borkovia; probably also Biomyxa, Chlamydomyxa). Sole family at present: Gymnophryidae (Mikrjukov and Mylnikov 1996)
- Superclass 2. Monadofilosa Cavalier-Smith 1996/7 stat. nov.
  - Class 1. Sarcomonadea Cavalier-Smith 1993 emend.
    - Order 1. Metopiida Cavalier-Smith ord. nov.
      - Family Metopiidae Cavalier-Smith fam. nov. (type: Metopion fluens Larsen and Patterson 1990).
    - Order 2. Cercomonadida Poche 1913 emend. Vickerman in Honigberg 1983
      - Family 1. Cercomonadidae Kent 1880/1 emend. (Cercomonas)
      - Family 2. Heteromitidae Kent 1880/1 emend. (Heteromita, Bodomorpha, Proleptomonas, Allantion)
  - Class 2. Thecofilosea Cavalier-Smith cl. nov.
    - Order 1. Tectofilosida Cavalier-Smith ord. nov. (Families Pseudodifflugiidae, e.g. Cryptodifflugia; Chlamydophryidae; Psammonobiotidae; Amphitremidae; Volutellidae)
    - Order 2. Cryomonadida Cavalier-Smith 1993 (e.g. Cryothecomonas)
  - Class 3. Imbricatea Cavalier-Smith cl. nov
    - Order 1. Thaumatomonadida Shirkina 1987 (e.g. Thaumatomonas, Thaumatomastix, Allas, Gyromitus)
    - Order 2. Euglyphida Copeland 1956 emend. Cavalier-Smith 1997 (4 families, e.g. Euglypha, Trinema, Corythion, Assulina, Tracheleuglypha, Trachelocorythion, Cyphoderia, Paulinella)
Subphylum 2. Endomyxa Cavalier-Smith 2002 emend.
- Class 1. Phytomyxea Engler and Prantl 1897
  - Order 1. Phagomyxida Cavalier-Smith 1993 (e.g. Phagomyxa)
  - Order 2. Plasmodiophorida Cook 1928 (e.g. Plasmodiophora, Spongospora)
- Class 2. Ascetosporea Sprague 1979 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 2002
  - Order 1. Haplosporida Caullery and Mesnil 1889 orth. em. Lühe 1900 (Minchinia, Haplosporidium, Urosporidium, Bonamia, Mikrocytos)
  - Order 2. Paramyxida Chatton 1911 (Marteilia, Paramyxa, Paramarteilia)
  - Order 3. Claustrosporida Cavalier-Smith ord. nov. (Claustrosporidium)
- Class 3. Gromiidea Cavalier-Smith cl. nov.
  - Order Gromiida Claparède and Lachmann 1856 (Gromia)

[Notes:

"As pointed out by Cavalier-Smith and Chao (2003b), Desmothoracida are also likely to be Cercozoa; if so, they would belong in this class Proteomyxidea close to heliomonads.

It is unclear whether the order Commatiida Cavalier-Smith 1996/7 (Commation) belongs in Cercozoa or Heterokonta.

Vampyrellida Starobogatov ex Krylov et al. 1980 were formerly included in Monadofilosa (Cavalier Smith 1996/7), but are now left as Protozoa incertae sedis pending molecular evidence."]

Adl et al. (2005)

Eukaryota Chatton, 1925

Rhizaria Cavalier-Smith, 2002
- Cercozoa Cavalier-Smith, 1998, emend. Adl et al., 2005
  - Cercomonadida Poche, 1913, emend. Vickerman, 1983, emend. Mylnikov, 1986
  - Silicofilosea Adl et al., 2005 (Imbricatea Cavalier-Smith and Chao, 2003)
  - Chlorarachniophyta Hibberd and Norris, 1984
  - Phytomyxea Engler and Prantl, 1897, emend. Cavalier-Smith, 1993
  - Phaeodarea Haeckel, 1879 (Tripylea Hertwig, 1879)
  - Nucleohelea Cavalier-Smith, 1993
  - Incertae sedis

Howe et al. (2009)

Howe, A. T., Bass, D., Vickerman, K., Chao, E. E., & Cavalier-Smith, T. (2009). Phylogeny, taxonomy, and astounding genetic diversity of Glissomonadida ord. nov., the dominant gliding zooflagellates in soil (Protozoa: Cercozoa). Protist, 160(2), 159-189, .

Cercozoa

Class Sarcomonadea
- Order 1. Cercomonadida
  - Family Cercomonadidae
    - Genus 1 Cercomonas
    - Genus 2 Eocercomonas
    - Genus 3 Paracercomonas
- Order 2. Glissomonadida ord. nov.
  - Family 1. Sandonidae fam. nov.
    - Genus 1 Neoheteromita gen. nov.
    - Genus 2 Flectomonas gen. nov.
    - Genus 3 Sandona gen. nov.
  - Family 2. Allapsidae fam. nov.
    - Genus 4 Allapsa gen. nov.
    - Genus 5 Teretomonas gen. nov.
  - Family 3. Bodomorphidae Hollande, 1952
    - Genus 6 Bodomorpha Hollande, 1952
  - Family 4. Proleptomonadidae fam. nov.
    - Genus 8. Proleptomonas Woodcock, 1916
  - Family 5. Sainouridae Cavalier-Smith, 2008
    - Genus 9. Sainouron
    - Genus 10. Cholamonas
  - Probable glissomonad: Allantion Sandon
- Order 3. Pansomonadida
  - Genus Aurigamonas
  - ‘Cercobodo agilis’ CCAP 1910/1
- Order 4. Metopiida (in this class in Cavalier-Smith and Chao 2003, but not Bass and Cavalier-Smith 2004; we leave it in Sarcomonadea as there is currently insufficient basis for establishing a separate class)
  - Family Metopiidae Cavalier-Smith 2003
    - Genus Metopion (Larson and Patterson 1990)

Adl et al. (2012)

Adl, S.M., Simpson, A.G.B., Lane, C.E., Lukeš, J., Bass, D., Bowser, S.S., Brown, M.W., Burki, F., Dunthorn, M., Hampl, V., Heiss, A., Hoppenrath, M., Lara, E., Le Gall, L., Lynn, D.H., McManus, H., Mitchell, E.A.D., Mozley-Stanridge, S.E., Parfrey, L.W., Pawlowski, J., Rueckert, S., Shadwick, L., Schoch, C.L., Smirnow, A. & Spiegel, F.W. 2012. The revised classification of eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 59(5): 429–514. DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x [Erratum: 60(3): 321. DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12033 ] Reference page.

Eukaryota Chatton, 1925

Sar Burki et al. 2007
- Stramenopiles Patterson 1989, emend. Adl et al. 2005
- Alveolata Cavalier-Smith 1991
- Rhizaria Cavalier-Smith, 2002
  - Cercozoa Cavalier-Smith 1998, emend. Adl et al. 2005
    - Cercomonadidae Kent 1880, emend. Mylnikov & Karpov 2004 (= Cercomonadida Poche 1913, emend. Vickerman 1983, emend. Mylnikov 1986, emend. Karpov et al. 2006; Cercobodonidae Hollande 1942)
      - Brevimastigomonas, Cavernomonas, Cercomonas, Eoercomonas [Eocercomonas], Filomonas, Metabolomonas, Neocercomonas, Nucleocercomonas, Paracercomonas
    - Pansomonadida Vickerman 2005
      - Agitata, Aurigamonas
    - Glissomonadida Howe & Cavalier-Smith 2009 (Heteromitidae Kent 1880, emend. Mylnikov 1990, emend. Mylnikov & Karpov 2004; Bodomorphidae Hollande 1952)
      - Allantion, Allapsa, Bodomorpha, Dujardina, Flectomonas, Mollimonas, Neoheteromita, Proleptomonas, Sandona, Teretomonas
    - Tremula Howe et al. 2011 (M)
    - Metromonadea Cavalier-Smith 2007, emend. Cavalier-Smith 2011
      - Metromonas, Metopion, Micrometopion
    - Granofilosea Cavalier-Smith & Bass 2009
      - Limnofila, Massisteria, Mesofila, Minimassisteria, Nanofila
      - Clathrulinidae Claus 1874 (Desmothoracida Hertwig & Lesser 1874)
        Cienkowskia, Clathrulina, Hedriocystis
        
        Incertae sedis Clathrulinidae: Servetia
    - Thecofilosea Cavalier-Smith 2003, emend. Cavalier-Smith 2011
      - Phaeodarea Haeckel 1879 (Tripylea Hertwig 1879)
        Phaeoconchia Haeckel 1879
        Coelodendrum, Coelographis, Conchellium, Conchopsis
        
        Phaeocystina Haeckel 1879
        Aulacantha, Aulographis, Cannoraphis
        
        Phaeogromia Haeckel 1879
        Castanella, Challengeron, Haeckeliana, Medusetta, Tuscarora
        
        Phaeosphaeria Haeckel 1879
        Aulosphaera, Cannosphaera, Sagosphaera
      - Cryomonadida Cavalier-Smith 1993 (R)
        Rhizaspididae Skuja 1948
        Capsellina, Rhizaspis, Rhogostoma (previously misidentified as Lecythium)
        
        Protaspidae Cavalier-Smith 1993 (R)
        Cryothecomonas, Protaspis (called Protaspa in Howe et al. 2011)(P)
      - Ventricleftida Cavalier-Smith 2011
        Ventrifissura, Verrucomonas
      - Ebriacea Lemmermann 1901 (Ebriidae Poche 1913)
        Ebria, Hermesinum
      - Incertae sedis Thecofilosea: Chlamydophryidae de Saedeleer 1934, emend. Meisterfeld 2002
        Capsellina, Lecythium
        
        Incertae sedis Chlamydophryidae de Saedeleer 1934: Capsellina, Chlamydophrys, Clypeolina, Diaphoropodon, Lecythium, Leptochlamydophrys, Penardeugenia
      - Incertae sedis Thecofilosea: Botuliforma, Mataza, Pseudodifflugia
    - Imbricatea Cavalier-Smith 2011 (Cavalier-Smith 2003)
      - Spongomonadida Hibberd 1983 (Spongomonadidae Karpov 1990)
        Rhipidodendron, Spongomonas
      - Nudifila Cavalier-Smith & Howe 2009 (M)
        Nudifila producta
      - Marimonadida Cavalier-Smith & Bass 2011
        Auranticordis, Pseudopirsonia, Rhabdamoeba
      - Silicofilosea Adl et al. 2005, emend. Adl et al. 2012
        Thaumatomonadida Shirkina 1987 (Thaumatomastigidae Patterson & Zölfell 1991)
        Thaumatomonadidae Hollande 1952
        Allas, Hyaloselene, Reckertia, Thaumatomonas, Thaumatomastix
        
        Peregriniidae Cavalier-Smith 2011
        Gyromitus, Peregrinia
        
        Euglyphida Copeland 1956, emend. Cavalier-Smith 1997
        Euglyphidae Wallich 1864, emend Lara et al. 2007
        Euglypha, Scutiglypha
        
        Assulinidae Lara et al. 2007
        Assulina, Placocista, Valkanovia
        
        Trinematidae Hoogenraad & De Groot 1940, emend Adl et al. 2012
        Corythion, Playfairina, Puytoracia, Trinema
        
        Cyphoderiidae de Saedeleer 1934
        Campascus, Corythionella, Cyphoderia, Messemvriella, Pseudocorythion, Schaudinnula
        
        Paulinellidae de Saedeller 1934, emend. Adl et al. 2012
        Ovulinata, Paulinella
        
        Incertae sedis Euglyphida: Ampullataria, Deharvengia, Euglyphidion, Heteroglypha, Matsakision, Pareuglypha, Pileolus, Sphenoderia, Tracheleuglypha, Trachelocorythion
      - Incertae sedis Imbricatea: Clautriavia, Discomonas
    - Chlorarachniophyta Hibberd & Norris 1984
      - Bigelowiella, Chlorarachnion, Cryptochlora, Gymnochlora, Lotharella, Partenskyella
    - Vampyrellida West 1901, emend. Hess et al. 2012
      - Arachnula, Gobiella, Hyalodiscus, Lateromyxa, Leptophrys, Platyreta, Thalassomyxa, Theratromyxa, Vampyrella, possibly Penardia
    - Phytomyxea Engler & Prantl 1897
      - Plasmodiophorida Cook 1928 (e.g. Plasmodiophora, Phagomyxa, Spongomyxa, Sorosphaera, Spongospora)
      - Phagomyxida Cavalier-Smith 1993 (e.g. Phagomyxa)
    - Filoreta Bass & Cavalier-Smith 2009
      - Filoreta japonica, Filoreta marina, Filoreta tenera, Filoreta turnica
    - Gromia Dujardin 1835
    - Ascetosporea Sprague 1979, emend. Cavalier-Smith 2009
      - Haplosporida Caullery & Mesnil 1899
        Bonamia, Haplosporidium, Microcytos, Minchinia, Urosporidium
      - Paramyxida Chatton 1911
        Marteilia, Paramyxa, Paramarteilia
      - Claustrosporidium Larsson 1987
      - Paradiniidae Schiller 1935
        Paradinium
    - Incertae sedis Cercozoa: Psammonobiotidae Golemansky 1974, emend Meisterfeld 2002
      - Alepiella, Chardezia, Edaphonobiotus, Feuerbornia, Frenzelina, Lesquerella, Micramphora, Micropsammella, Nadinella, Ogdeniella, Psammonobiotus, Propsammonobiotus, Rhumbleriella
    - Incertae sedis Cercozoa: Volutellidae Sudzuki 1979
      - Pseudovolutella, Volutella

[Notes: M, monotypic group with only one described species; P, paraphyletic group; R, ribogroup assembled from phylogenetic studies.]

Cavalier-Smith & Chao (2012)

Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Chao, Ema E. (2012). Oxnerella micra sp. n. (Oxnerellidae fam. n.), a Tiny Naked Centrohelid, and the Diversity and Evolution of Heliozoa. Protist 163 (4): 574–601. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2011.12.005.

In Cercozoa

New Taxa in Imbricatea
- New subclass Placoperla Cavalier-Smith
  - New superorder Perlatia Cavalier-Smith
    - New order Perlofilida Cavalier-Smith
      - Family Pompholyxophryidae Page, 1987 (sole genus Pompholyxophrys Archer 1869)
      - Family Acanthoperlidae Cavalier-Smith fam. n. (sole and type genus Acanthoperla Cavalier-Smith gen. n.)
    - Order Spongomonadida
  - New superorder Placofila Cavalier-Smith
    - Order Thaumatomonadida
    - Order Rotosphaerida
      - Suborder Rotosphaeridia
        New familly Pinaciophoridae Cavalier-Smith (Pinaciophora Greef, 1873, Eiffelospina Cavalier-Smith gen. n., Turriplaca Cavalier-Smith gen. n.)
        
        New familly Clathrellidae Cavalier-Smith (sole genus Clathrella Penard, 1903)
        
        New familly Rabdiophryidae Cavalier-Smith (Rabdiophrys Rainer, 1968, Paraluffisphaera Esteban et al., 2005) Rabdiasteridae
        
        New familly Rabdiasteridae Cavalier-Smith (sole genus Rabdiaster Mikrjukov, 1999)
      - Suborder Luffisphaeridia Cavalier-Smith subord. n.
- New subclass Placonuda Cavalier-Smith
  - New superorder Nudisarca Cavalier-Smith (Nudifilidae plus Marimononadida)
New taxa in Thecofilosea
- New subclass Eothecia Cavalier-Smith (Ventricleftida, Ebriida, Cryomonadida, Hemimastigida, and Matazida Cavalier-Smith ord. n.)
- New subclass Tectosia Cavalier-Smith
  - Infraclass Phaeodaria
    - Order Eodarida Cavalier-Smith
    - Order Opaloconchida Cavalier-Smith
  - Infraclass ?
    - Order Tectofilosida
      - Suborder Unitremina Cavalier-Smith
      - Suborder Amphitremina Cavalier-Smith
      - Suborder Lithocollina Cavalier-Smith.

Ruggiero et al. (2015)

Ruggiero, M.A., Gordon, D.P., Orrell, T.M., Bailly, N., Bourgoin, T., Brusca, R.C., Cavalier-Smith, T., Guiry, M.D. & Kirk, P.M. 2015. A Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms. PLoS ONE 10(4): e0119248 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119248 . [Correction in 10(6): e0130114 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130114 .] Reference page.

Superkingdom Eukaryota
- Kingdom Chromista
  - Subkingdom Hacrobia
  - Subkingdom Harosa [= "Supergroup SAR"]
    - Infrakingdom Halvaria
      - Superphylum Alveolata
      - Superphylum Heterokonta [= "Supergroup Stramenopiles"]
    - Infrakingdom Rhizaria
      - Phylum Cercozoa
        Subphylum Endomyxa
        Class Ascetosporea
        Order Claustrosporida
        
        Order Haplosporida
        
        Order Paradinida
        
        Order Paramyxida
        
        Class Gromiidea
        Order Gromiida
        
        Order Reticulosida
        
        Class Phytomyxea
        Order Phagomyxida
        
        Order Plasmodiophorida
        
        Class Vampyrellidea
        Order Vampyrellida
        
        Subphylum Monadofilosa
        Class Imbricatea
        Subclass Placonuda
        Order Discocelida
        
        Order Discomonadida
        
        Order Euglyphida
        
        Order Marimonadida
        
        Order Variglissida
        
        Subclass Placoperla
        Order Perlofilida
        
        Order Rotosphaerida
        
        Order Spongomonadida
        
        Order Thaumatomonadida
        
        Order Zoelucasida
        
        Class Metromonadea
        Order Metopiida
        
        Order Metromonadida
        
        Class Sarcomonadea
        Order Cercomonadida
        
        Order Glissomonadida
        
        Order Pansomonadida
        
        Order Pseudosporida
        
        Order Sainouroida
        
        Class Thecofilosea
        Subclass Eothecia
        Order Cryomonadida
        
        Order Ebriida
        
        Order Matazida
        
        Order Ventricleftida
        
        Subclass Phaeodaria
        Order Eodarida
        
        Order Opaloconchida
        
        Subclass Tectosia
        Order Tectofilosida
        
        Subphylum Reticulofilosa
        Class Chlorarachnea
        Order Chlorarachnida
        
        Class Granofilosea
        Order Cryptofilida
        
        Order Desmothoracida
        
        Order Leucodictyida
        
        Order Limnofilida
        
        Class Skiomonadea
        Order Tremulida
      - Phylum Retaria

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