上層建築

See also: 上层建筑

Chinese

		upper strata; upper levels	structure
trad. (上層建築)		上層	建築
simp. (上层建筑)		上层	建筑

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): shàngcéng jiànzhù, shàngcéng jiànzhú

(Zhuyin): ㄕㄤˋ ㄘㄥˊ ㄐㄧㄢˋ ㄓㄨˋ, ㄕㄤˋ ㄘㄥˊ ㄐㄧㄢˋ ㄓㄨˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): soeng⁶ cang⁴ gin³ zuk¹
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): siōng-chân kiàn-tiok

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese, Mainland)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: shàngcéng jiànzhù
  - Zhuyin: ㄕㄤˋ ㄘㄥˊ ㄐㄧㄢˋ ㄓㄨˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: shàngcéng jiànjhù
  - Wade–Giles: shang⁴-tsʻêng² chien⁴-chu⁴
  - Yale: shàng-tséng jyàn-jù
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shanqtserng jiannjuh
  - Palladius: шанцэн цзяньчжу (šancɛn czjanʹčžu)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʂɑŋ⁵¹ t͡sʰɤŋ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʈ͡ʂu⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese, Taiwan)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: shàngcéng jiànzhú
  - Zhuyin: ㄕㄤˋ ㄘㄥˊ ㄐㄧㄢˋ ㄓㄨˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: shàngcéng jiànjhú
  - Wade–Giles: shang⁴-tsʻêng² chien⁴-chu²
  - Yale: shàng-tséng jyàn-jú
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shanqtserng jiannjwu
  - Palladius: шанцэн цзяньчжу (šancɛn czjanʹčžu)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʂɑŋ⁵¹ t͡sʰɤŋ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂu³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: soeng⁶ cang⁴ gin³ zuk¹
  - Yale: seuhng chàhng gin jūk
  - Cantonese Pinyin: soeng⁶ tsang⁴ gin³ dzuk⁷
  - Guangdong Romanization: sêng⁶ ceng⁴ gin³ zug¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /sœːŋ²² t͡sʰɐŋ²¹ kiːn³³ t͡sʊk̚⁵/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: siōng-chân kiàn-tiok
  - Tâi-lô: siōng-tsân kiàn-tiok
  - Phofsit Daibuun: sioxngzaan kierndiog
  - IPA (Xiamen): /siɔŋ²²⁻²¹ t͡san²⁴⁻²² kiɛn²¹⁻⁵³ tiɔk̚³²/

Noun

上層建築

(Marxism) superstructure
- 馬克思主義告訴我們，民主屬於上層建築，屬於政治這個範疇。這就是說，歸根結蒂，它是為經濟基礎服務的。 [MSC, trad.]
  马克思主义告诉我们，民主属于上层建筑，属于政治这个范畴。这就是说，归根结蒂，它是为经济基础服务的。 [MSC, simp.]
  From: 1957, 毛澤東 (Mao Zedong), 《關於正確處理人民內部矛盾的問題》 (On the Correct Handling of Contradictions Among the People), 《毛澤東選集》. English translation based on the Foreign Languages Press edition
  Mǎkèsī zhǔyì gàosu wǒmen, mínzhǔ shǔyú shàngcéng jiànzhù, shǔyú zhèngzhì zhège fànchóu. Zhè jiù shì shuō, guīgēnjiédì, tā shì wèi jīngjì jīchǔ fúwù de. [Pinyin]
  Marxism teaches us that democracy is part of the superstructure and belongs to the realm of politics. That is to say, in the last analysis, it serves the economic base.