愧

See also: 媿

愧	U+6127, 愧 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6127

← 愦
[U+6126]

CJK Unified Ideographs

愨 →
[U+6128]

Translingual

Han character

愧 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+10, 13 strokes, cangjie input 心竹山戈 (PHUI), four-corner 9601₃, composition ⿰忄鬼)

Derived characters

𫻣

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 396, character 8
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10982
Dae Jaweon: page 734, character 15
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2329, character 11
Unihan data for U+6127

Chinese

trad.		愧
simp. ^#		愧
alternative forms		媿聭

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (鬼) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
謉	tkuːlʔ, krul
瑰	kuːl, ɡuːl
傀	kuːl, kʰuːlʔ
藱	*kuːl
魁	*kʰuːl
磈	kʰuːlʔ, qulʔ
塊	kʰuːls, kʰruːds
嵬	ŋɡuːl, ŋɡuːlʔ
隗	*ŋɡuːlʔ
槐	ɡuːl, ɡruːl
瘣	*ɡuːlʔ
廆	*ɡuːlʔ
溾	ɡuːlʔ, qruːl
螝	ɡuːls, krul
褢	*ɡruːl
騩	krul, kruls, *kul
愧	*kruls
媿	*kruls
聭	*kruls
餽	*ɡruls
鬼	*kulʔ
魏	*ŋɡuls
巍	*ŋul
犩	ŋul, ŋuls

Originally written 媿. In the modern form, a phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kruls): semantic 心 (“heart”) + phonetic 鬼 (OC *kulʔ).

Shuowen interprets the character as an ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): abbreviated 恥 (“shame”) + 鬼 (“spirit”).

Etymology

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): kuì (kui⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄎㄨㄟˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): kwai³ / kwai⁵
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): khùi

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: kuì
  - Zhuyin: ㄎㄨㄟˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: kuèi
  - Wade–Giles: kʻuei⁴
  - Yale: kwèi
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kuey
  - Palladius: куй (kuj)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰu̯eɪ̯⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: kwai³ / kwai⁵
  - Yale: kwai / kwáih
  - Cantonese Pinyin: kwai³ / kwai⁵
  - Guangdong Romanization: kuei³ / kuei⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʷʰɐi̯³³/, /kʷʰɐi̯¹³/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khùi
  - Tâi-lô: khuì
  - Phofsit Daibuun: quix
  - IPA (Xiamen): /kʰui²¹/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰui⁴¹/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰui²¹/
  - IPA (Taipei): /kʰui¹¹/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰui²¹/

Middle Chinese: kwijH

Rime
Character	愧
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	脂 (18)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	俱位切
Baxter	kwijH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kˠiuɪ^H/
Pan Wuyun	/kʷᵚi^H/
Shao Rongfen	/kiuɪ^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kjwi^H/
Li Rong	/kjui^H/
Wang Li	/kwi^H/
Bernhard Karlgren	/kwi^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	guì
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gwai³

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[k]ruj-s/

(Zhengzhang): /*kruls/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	愧
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	kuì
Middle Chinese	‹ kwij^H ›
Old Chinese	/*[k]ruj-s/
English	ashamed
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	愧
Reading #	1/1
No.	4682
Phonetic component	鬼
Rime group	微
Rime subdivision	2
Corresponding MC rime	媿
Old Chinese	/*kruls/
Notes	說文同媿

Definitions

愧

ashamed; guilty; conscience-stricken; mortified
to make (someone) feel guilty; to shame; to blame

Compounds

不愧 (bùkuì)
不愧不怍
不愧屋漏
仰不愧天
俯仰無愧 / 俯仰无愧 (fǔyǎngwúkuì)
受之有愧
問心無愧 / 问心无愧 (wènxīnwúkuì)
居心無愧 / 居心无愧
悔愧
惶愧
感愧並交 / 感愧并交
感愧交集
愧不敢當 / 愧不敢当
愧對 / 愧对 (kuìduì)
愧怍 (kuìzuò)
愧恧
愧恨
愧悔
愧惶無地 / 愧惶无地
愧服
愧歉
愧汗 (kuìhàn)
愧汗怍人
愧疚 (kuìjiù)
愧痛
愧色 (kuìsè)
愧赧
慚愧 / 惭愧 (cánkuì)
慚愧無地 / 惭愧无地
抱愧 (bàokuì)
捫心無愧 / 扪心无愧
文愧金聲 / 文愧金声
於心無愧 / 于心无愧
林慚澗愧 / 林惭涧愧
滿面羞愧 / 满面羞愧
無愧 / 无愧 (wúkuì)
當之無愧 / 当之无愧 (dāngzhīwúkuì)
羞愧 (xiūkuì)
自愧弗如 (zìkuìfúrú)
討愧 / 讨愧
赧愧

References

“愧”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Kanji

愧

(Hyōgai kanji)

feel ashamed
shy

Readings

Go-on: き (ki)^{←き (ki, historical)}^{←くゐ (kwi, ancient)}
Kan-on: き (ki)^{←き (ki, historical)}^{←くゐ (kwi, ancient)}
Kun: はじる (hajiru, 愧じる)^{←はぢる (fadiru, 愧ぢる, historical)}、はじらう (hajirau, 愧じらう)^{←はぢらふ (fadirafu, 愧ぢらふ, historical)}、はずかしめる (hazukashimeru, 愧める)^{←はづかしめる (fadukasimeru, 愧める, historical)}、とがめる (togameru, 愧める)

Compounds

愧死(きし) (kishi)
愧赧(きたん) (kitan)
慚愧(ざんき), 慙愧(ざんき) (zanki)
羞愧(しゅうき) (shūki)
無愧(むぎ) (mugi)
屋漏(おくろう)に愧(は)じず (okurō ni hajizu)

Proverbs

仰(あお)いで天(てん)に愧(は)じず，俯(ふ)して地(ち)に怍(は)じず (aoi de ten ni hajizu, fu shite chi ni hajizu)
俯仰(ふぎょう)天地(てんち)に愧(は)じず (fugyō tenchi ni hajizu)

Korean

Hanja

愧 (eumhun 부끄러워할 괴 (bukkeureowohal goe))

hanja form^? of 괴 (“ashamed, conscience-stricken”)

Vietnamese

Han character

愧: Hán Nôm readings: quý

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