捏造

Chinese

		to pinch (with one's fingers); to knead; to make up	to make; to build; to invent to make; to build; to invent; to manufacture
trad. (捏造)		捏	造
simp. ^#(捏造)		捏	造

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): niēzào

(Zhuyin): ㄋㄧㄝㄗㄠˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): nip⁶ zou⁶
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): ngiap-chho
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): lia̍p-chō / liap-chǒ / liap-chō

(Teochew, Peng'im): niab⁴ zao⁶

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: niēzào
  - Zhuyin: ㄋㄧㄝㄗㄠˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: niezào
  - Wade–Giles: nieh¹-tsao⁴
  - Yale: nyē-dzàu
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: nhietzaw
  - Palladius: нецзао (neczao)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ni̯ɛ⁵⁵ t͡sɑʊ̯⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: nip⁶ zou⁶
  - Yale: nihp jouh
  - Cantonese Pinyin: nip⁹ dzou⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: nib⁶ zou⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /niːp̚² t͡sou̯²²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngiap-chho
  - Hakka Romanization System: ngiab^ˋ co
  - Hagfa Pinyim: ngiab⁵ co⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /ŋi̯ap̚² t͡sʰo⁵⁵/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lia̍p-chō
  - Tâi-lô: lia̍p-tsō
  - Phofsit Daibuun: liabzoi
  - IPA (Xiamen): /liap̚⁴⁻³² t͡so²²/
  - IPA (Taipei): /liap̚⁴⁻³² t͡so³³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /liap̚⁴⁻³² t͡sɤ³³/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: liap-chǒ
  - Tâi-lô: liap-tsǒ
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /liap̚⁵⁻²⁴ t͡so²²/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: liap-chō
  - Tâi-lô: liap-tsō
  - Phofsit Daibuun: liapzoi
  - IPA (Xiamen): /liap̚³²⁻⁴ t͡so²²/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /liap̚³²⁻⁵ t͡so²²/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: niab⁴ zao⁶
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: niap tsău
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /niap̚²⁻⁴ t͡sau³⁵/

Verb

捏造

to fabricate; to concoct; to make up a false set of facts

Synonyms

edit

偽造 / 伪造 (wěizào)
假造 (jiǎzào)
土統 / 土统 (Hokkien)
捏 (niē) (literary, or in compounds)
杜撰 (dùzhuàn)
桶摃 / 桶𫼱 (Hokkien)
構造 / 构造 (gòuzào) (archaic)
瞎編 / 瞎编 (xiābiān)
編製 / 编制 (biānzhì) (figurative)
編造 / 编造 (biānzào)
胡編 / 胡编 (húbiān)
臆造 (yìzào)
莫之莫捏 (Hokkien)
莫捏 (Hokkien)
虛構 / 虚构 (xūgòu)
造謠 / 造谣 (zàoyáo)

Japanese

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
捏	造
ねつ Hyōgai	ぞう Grade: 5
goon	on'yomi

Alternative spelling
ねつ造

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) ねつぞー [nètsúzóó] (Heiban – [0])^[1]^[2]
IPA^(key): [ne̞t͡sɨzo̞ː]

Noun

捏(ねつ)造(ぞう) • (netsuzō) ^{←ねつざう (netuzau)^?}

fabrication; fake; staged

Verb

捏(ねつ)造(ぞう)する • (netsuzō suru) ^{←ねつざう (netuzau)^?}transitive suru (stem 捏(ねつ)造(ぞう)し (netsuzō shi), past 捏(ねつ)造(ぞう)した (netsuzō shita))

to fabricate; to make up a false set of facts
証(しょう)拠(こ)を捏(ねつ)造(ぞう)する
shōko o netsuzō suru
to fabricate evidence

Conjugation

Conjugation of "捏造する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	捏造し	ねつぞうし	netsuzō shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	捏造し	ねつぞうし	netsuzō shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	捏造する	ねつぞうする	netsuzō suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	捏造する	ねつぞうする	netsuzō suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	捏造すれ	ねつぞうすれ	netsuzō sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	捏造せよ¹ 捏造しろ²	ねつぞうせよ¹ ねつぞうしろ²	netsuzō seyo¹ netsuzō shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	捏造される	ねつぞうされる	netsuzō sareru
Causative	捏造させる捏造さす	ねつぞうさせるねつぞうさす	netsuzō saseru netsuzō sasu
Potential	捏造できる	ねつぞうできる	netsuzō dekiru
Volitional	捏造しよう	ねつぞうしよう	netsuzō shiyō
Negative	捏造しない	ねつぞうしない	netsuzō shinai
Negative continuative	捏造せず	ねつぞうせず	netsuzō sezu
Formal	捏造します	ねつぞうします	netsuzō shimasu
Perfective	捏造した	ねつぞうした	netsuzō shita
Conjunctive	捏造して	ねつぞうして	netsuzō shite
Hypothetical conditional	捏造すれば	ねつぞうすれば	netsuzō sureba
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
捏	造
でつ Hyōgai	ぞう Grade: 5
kan'on	on'yomi

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) でつぞー [dètsúzóó] (Heiban – [0])^[2]
IPA^(key): [de̞t͡sɨzo̞ː]

Noun

捏(でつ)造(ぞう) • (detsuzō) ^{←でつざう (detuzau)^?}

(uncommon) alternative form of 捏造 (netsuzō)

Verb

捏(でつ)造(ぞう)する • (detsuzō suru) ^{←でつざう (detuzau)^?}transitive suru (stem 捏(でつ)造(ぞう)し (detsuzō shi), past 捏(でつ)造(ぞう)した (detsuzō shita))

(uncommon) alternative form of 捏造 (netsuzō)

Conjugation

Conjugation of "捏造する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	捏造し	でつぞうし	detsuzō shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	捏造し	でつぞうし	detsuzō shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	捏造する	でつぞうする	detsuzō suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	捏造する	でつぞうする	detsuzō suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	捏造すれ	でつぞうすれ	detsuzō sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	捏造せよ¹ 捏造しろ²	でつぞうせよ¹ でつぞうしろ²	detsuzō seyo¹ detsuzō shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	捏造される	でつぞうされる	detsuzō sareru
Causative	捏造させる捏造さす	でつぞうさせるでつぞうさす	detsuzō saseru detsuzō sasu
Potential	捏造できる	でつぞうできる	detsuzō dekiru
Volitional	捏造しよう	でつぞうしよう	detsuzō shiyō
Negative	捏造しない	でつぞうしない	detsuzō shinai
Negative continuative	捏造せず	でつぞうせず	detsuzō sezu
Formal	捏造します	でつぞうします	detsuzō shimasu
Perfective	捏造した	でつぞうした	detsuzō shita
Conjunctive	捏造して	でつぞうして	detsuzō shite
Hypothetical conditional	捏造すれば	でつぞうすれば	detsuzō sureba
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative

References

^ Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2011), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Seventh edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja in this term
捏	造

Noun

捏造 • (naljo) (hangeul 날조)

hanja form^? of 날조 (“fabrication”)

[SMK7-1] Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2011), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Seventh edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[DJR-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[1]

[2]