歲暮

Chinese

		year; years old; (a measure word)	evening; dusk; sunset evening; dusk; sunset; (of time) late; closing
trad. (歲暮)		歲	暮
simp. (岁暮)		岁	暮

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): suìmù

(Zhuyin): ㄙㄨㄟˋ ㄇㄨˋ

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: suìmù
  - Zhuyin: ㄙㄨㄟˋ ㄇㄨˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: suèimù
  - Wade–Giles: sui⁴-mu⁴
  - Yale: swèi-mù
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: sueymuh
  - Palladius: суйму (sujmu)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /su̯eɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ mu⁵¹/

Middle Chinese: sjwejH muH

Rime
Character	歲	暮
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	心 (16)	明 (4)
Final (韻)	祭 (36)	模 (23)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Closed	Open
Division (等)	III	I
Fanqie	相銳切	莫故切
Baxter	sjwejH	muH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/siuᴇi^H/	/muo^H/
Pan Wuyun	/sʷiɛi^H/	/muo^H/
Shao Rongfen	/siuæi^H/	/mo^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/swiaj^H/	/mɔ^H/
Li Rong	/siuɛi^H/	/mo^H/
Wang Li	/sĭwɛi^H/	/mu^H/
Bernhard Karlgren	/si̯wɛi^H/	/muo^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	suì	mù
Expected Cantonese Reflex	seoi³	mou⁶

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*sqʰʷads maːɡs/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	歲
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	suì
Middle Chinese	‹ sjwej^H ›
Old Chinese	/*s-qʷʰat-s/
English	year
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	歲	暮
Reading #	1/2	1/1
No.	12165	9247
Phonetic component	歲	莫
Rime group	祭	暮
Rime subdivision	1	0
Corresponding MC rime		暮
Old Chinese	/*sqʰʷads/	/*maːɡs/
Notes	甲金文戉分化字，說文戌聲非

Noun

歲暮

(literary) close of the year
- 歲暮兮不自聊，蟪蛄鳴兮啾啾。 [Traditional Chinese poetry, trad.]
  岁暮兮不自聊，蟪蛄鸣兮啾啾。 [Traditional Chinese poetry, simp.]
  From: The Verses of Chu, 4^th century BCE – 2^nd century CE
  Suìmù xī bùzìliáo, huìgū míng xī jiūjiū. [Pinyin]
  At the year's evening,
  Comfortless,
  The cicada sings with
  A mournful chirp.
- 歲暮陰陽催短景，天涯霜雪霽寒霄。 [Literary Chinese, trad.]
  岁暮阴阳催短景，天涯霜雪霁寒霄。 [Literary Chinese, simp.]
  From: c. 767, Du Fu (杜甫), A Night in a Chamber(《閣夜》), tr. Wu Juntao (吴钧陶)
  Suìmù yīnyáng cuī duǎn jǐng, tiānyá shuāngxuě jì hán xiāo. [Pinyin]
  The nights and days so swiftly flee at the end of the year;
  At the corner of the earth, after snow, the cold, dark sky is clear.
(literary) advanced age
- 壯齒不恒居，歲暮常慨慷。 [Literary Chinese, trad.]
  壮齿不恒居，岁暮常慨慷。 [Literary Chinese, simp.]
  From: circa 300?, Zuo Si (左思), Miscellaneous Poems (《雜詩》）
  Zhuàng chǐ bù héng jū, suìmù cháng kǎikāng. [Pinyin]
  The sturdy teeth of my youth failed to endure;
  As my years advance, I am oft filled with poignant lament.

Synonyms

(end of the year):

年兜 (Puxian Min, Hokkien)
年兜邊 / 年兜边 (Hokkien)
年尾 (niánwěi) (colloquial)
年底 (niándǐ)
年暝 (nièng-màng) (Eastern Min)
年暝兜 (Puxian Min)
年暝內 / 年暝内 (Puxian Min)
年末 (niánmò)
年終 / 年终 (niánzhōng)
年跟腳 / 年跟脚
年關 / 年关 (niánguān)
歲尾 / 岁尾 (suìwěi) (literary or Puxian Min)
歲晏 / 岁晏 (literary)
歲末 / 岁末 (suìmò)
歲杪 / 岁杪 (suìmiǎo) (literary)

(advanced age):

夕陽 / 夕阳 (xīyáng) (figurative)
尾梢 (Xiamen Hokkien)
晚年 (wǎnnián)
暮年 (mùnián)
白頭 / 白头 (báitóu) (figurative)
皓首 (hàoshǒu) (literary, figurative)
老年 (lǎonián)
老年期 (lǎoniánqī)
衰年 (shuāinián) (literary)
遲暮 / 迟暮 (chímù) (literary)
食老 (chia̍h-lāu) (Hokkien)
餘年 / 余年 (yúnián)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (歲暮):

→ Japanese: 歳(せい)暮(ぼ) (seibo)
→ Korean: 세모(歲暮) (semo)

Korean

Hanja in this term
歲	暮

Noun

歲暮 • (semo) (hangeul 세모)

hanja form^? of 세모 (“the end of the year”)