'ar
See also: Appendix:Variations of "ar"
Old Tupi
Alternative forms
Etymology
Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *ʔaT (“to be born, to fall”), from Proto-Tupian *ꝁaT (“to fall”).[1][2][3]
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈʔaɾ/
- Rhymes: -aɾ
- Hyphenation: 'ar
Verb
'ar (first-person singular active indicative a'ar, first-person singular negative active indicative n'a'ari, noun 'ara) (intransitive)
- to be born [with suí ‘from someone’]
- to emerge; to come out
- to happen
- to fall
- to embark
- to ascertain; to understand [with esé ‘about something’]
Conjugation
Conjugation of 'ar (intransitive, R-ending) (See Appendix:Old Tupi verbs)
Note: not all forms are attested, most of the table is reconstructed based on known patterns.
| Causative | mo'ar | |||||
| Causative-comitative | ero'ar | |||||
| Deverbals | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| -ba'e | o'aryba'e | |||||
| -sab(a) | 'asaba / 'araba | |||||
| -sar(a) | 'asara / 'arara | |||||
| Singular | Singular & Plural | Plural | ||||
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person exclusive | 1st person inclusive | 2nd person | |
| Verbal forms | ||||||
| Active | ||||||
| Indicative | a'ar | ere'ar | o'ar | oro'ar | îa'ar | pe'ar |
| Permissive | t'a'ar | t'ere'ar | t'o'ar | t'oro'ar | t'îa'ar | ta pe'ar |
| Imperative | e'ar | pe'ar | ||||
| Negative indicative | n'a'ari | n'ere'ari | n'o'ari | n'oro'ari | n'îa'ari | na pe'ari |
| Negative permissive | t'a'ar umẽ | t'ere'ar umẽ | t'o'ar umẽ | t'oro'ar umẽ | t'îa'ar umẽ | ta pe'ar umẽ |
| Negative imperative | e'ar umẽ | pe'ar umẽ | ||||
| Gerund | ||||||
| Affirmative | gûi'á | e'á | o'á | oro'á | îa'á | pe'á |
| Negative | gûi'are'yma | e'are'yma | o'are'yma | oro'are'yma | îa'are'yma | pe'are'yma |
| Nominal forms | ||||||
| Infinitive | ||||||
| Affirmative | 'ara | |||||
| Negative | 'are'yma | |||||
| Circumstantial | ||||||
| Affirmative | xe 'ari | i 'ari | oré 'ari | îandé 'ari | ||
| Negative | xe 'are'ymi | i 'are'ymi | oré 'are'ymi | îandé 'are'ymi | ||
Derived terms
Descendants
- Nheengatu: wari
References
- ^ Andrey Nikulin (2020) Proto-Macro-Jê: um estudo reconstrutivo[1] (in Portuguese), Brasília: UnB
- ^ Beatriz Carretta Corrêa da Silva (2010) Mawé/Awetí/Tupí-Guaraní: relações linguísticas e implicações históricas[2] (in Portuguese), Brasília: UnB
- ^ Aryon d'Alligna Rodrigues (2007) “As consoantes do proto-tupí”, in Aryon d'Alligna Rodrigues, Ana Suelly Arruda Câmara Cabral, editors, Línguas e culturas tupí[3], 1 edition, volume 1, Campinas: Curt Nimuendajú, pages 167–204
Further reading
- Eduardo de Almeida Navarro (2013) “'ar”, in Dicionário de tupi antigo: a língua indígena clássica do Brasil [Dictionary of Old Tupi: The Classical Indigenous Language of Brazil] (overall work in Portuguese), São Paulo: Global, →ISBN, page 57, columns 1–2
Yola
Determiner
'ar
- alternative form of aar (“their”)
- 1867, “A YOLA ZONG”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 5, page 86:
- At aar errone was var ameing 'ar 'ngish ee-height.
- That their errand was aiming to bring anguish upon them.
References
- Jacob Poole (d. 1827) (before 1828) William Barnes, editor, A Glossary, With some Pieces of Verse, of the old Dialect of the English Colony in the Baronies of Forth and Bargy, County of Wexford, Ireland, London: J. Russell Smith, published 1867, page 86