|
|
This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.
|
Proto-Celtic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰénti ~ *gʷʰnénti.
Verb
*gʷaneti
- to strike, to wound
- to kill, to slay
Inflection
| Thematic present, suffixless preterite
|
| Active voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*gʷanū
|
*gʷanemam
|
*gʷigʷnāsū
|
*gʷegʷona
|
| 2nd singular
|
*gʷanesi
|
*gʷanetās
|
*gʷigʷnāsesi
|
*gʷegʷonas?
|
| 3rd singular
|
*gʷaneti
|
*gʷaneto
|
*gʷigʷnāseti
|
*gʷegʷone
|
| 1st plural
|
*gʷanomosi
|
*gʷanemo
|
*gʷigʷnāsomosi
|
*gʷegʷonmo
|
| 2nd plural
|
*gʷanetesi
|
*gʷanestē
|
*gʷigʷnāsetesi
|
*gʷegʷone
|
| 3rd plural
|
*gʷanonti
|
*gʷanento
|
*gʷigʷnāsonti
|
*gʷegʷonars
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*gʷanasū
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*gʷanasesi
|
?
|
*gʷane
|
| 3rd singular
|
*gʷanaseti
|
?
|
*gʷanetou
|
| 1st plural
|
*gʷanasomosi
|
?
|
*gʷanomos
|
| 2nd plural
|
*gʷanasetesi
|
?
|
*gʷanete
|
| 3rd plural
|
*gʷanasonti
|
?
|
*gʷanontou
|
| Passive voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*gʷanūr
|
—
|
*gʷigʷnāsūr
|
*gʷegʷonra
|
| 2nd singular
|
*gʷanetar
|
—
|
*gʷigʷnāsetar
|
*gʷegʷonras?
|
| 3rd singular
|
*gʷanetor
|
?
|
*gʷigʷnāsetor
|
*gʷegʷonre
|
| 1st plural
|
*gʷanommor
|
—
|
*gʷigʷnāsommor
|
?
|
| 2nd plural
|
*gʷanedwe
|
—
|
*gʷigʷnāsedwe
|
?
|
| 3rd plural
|
*gʷanontor
|
?
|
*gʷigʷnāsontor
|
?
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*gʷanasūr
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*gʷanasetar
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*gʷanasetor
|
—
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*gʷanasommor
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*gʷanasedwe
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*gʷanasontor
|
—
|
—
|
| Declension of the present participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*gʷanonts
|
*gʷanonte
|
*gʷanontes
|
| vocative
|
*gʷanonts
|
*gʷanonte
|
*gʷanontes
|
| accusative
|
*gʷanontam
|
*gʷanonte
|
*gʷanontans
|
| genitive
|
*gʷanantos
|
*?
|
*gʷanantom
|
| dative
|
*gʷanantei
|
*gʷanantbom
|
*gʷanantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*gʷanantī?
|
*gʷanantbim
|
*gʷanantbis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*gʷanantī
|
*gʷanantī
|
*gʷanantiyās
|
| vocative
|
*gʷanantī
|
*gʷanantī
|
*gʷanantiyās
|
| accusative
|
*gʷanantīm
|
*gʷanantī
|
*gʷanantiyans
|
| genitive
|
*gʷanantyās
|
*?
|
*gʷanantyom
|
| dative
|
*gʷanantyāi
|
*gʷanantyābom
|
*gʷanantyābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*gʷanantyābim
|
*gʷanantyābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*gʷanont
|
*?
|
*gʷanonta
|
| vocative
|
*gʷanont
|
*?
|
*gʷanonta
|
| accusative
|
*gʷanont
|
*?
|
*gʷanonta
|
| genitive
|
*gʷanantos
|
*?
|
*gʷanantom
|
| dative
|
*gʷanantei
|
*?
|
*gʷanantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*gʷanantī?
|
*?
|
*gʷanantbis
|
| Declension of the middle participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*gʷanomnos
|
*gʷanomnou
|
*gʷanomnoi
|
| vocative
|
*gʷanomne
|
*gʷanomnou
|
*gʷanomnoi
|
| accusative
|
*gʷanomnom
|
*gʷanomnou
|
*gʷanomnons
|
| genitive
|
*gʷanomnī
|
*gʷanomnous
|
*gʷanomnom
|
| dative
|
*gʷanomnūi
|
*gʷanomnobom
|
*gʷanomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*gʷanomnū
|
*gʷanomnobim
|
*gʷanomnobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*gʷanomnā
|
*gʷanomnai
|
*gʷanomnās
|
| vocative
|
*gʷanomnā
|
*gʷanomnai
|
*gʷanomnās
|
| accusative
|
*gʷanomnam
|
*gʷanomnai
|
*gʷanomnans
|
| genitive
|
*gʷanomnās
|
*gʷanomnous
|
*gʷanomnom
|
| dative
|
*gʷanomnai
|
*gʷanomnābom
|
*gʷanomnābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*gʷanomnābim
|
*gʷanomnābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*gʷanomnom
|
*gʷanomnou
|
*gʷanomnā
|
| vocative
|
*gʷanomnom
|
*gʷanomnou
|
*gʷanomnā
|
| accusative
|
*gʷanomnom
|
*gʷanomnou
|
*gʷanomnā
|
| genitive
|
*gʷanomnī
|
*gʷanomnous
|
*gʷanomnom
|
| dative
|
*gʷanomnūi
|
*gʷanomnobom
|
*gʷanomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*gʷanomnū
|
*gʷanomnobim
|
*gʷanomnobis
|
| Declension of the past participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*gʷantos
|
*gʷantou
|
*gʷantoi
|
| vocative
|
*gʷante
|
*gʷantou
|
*gʷantoi
|
| accusative
|
*gʷantom
|
*gʷantou
|
*gʷantons
|
| genitive
|
*gʷantī
|
*gʷantous
|
*gʷantom
|
| dative
|
*gʷantūi
|
*gʷantobom
|
*gʷantobos
|
| instrumental
|
*gʷantū
|
*gʷantobim
|
*gʷantobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*gʷantā
|
*gʷantai
|
*gʷantās
|
| vocative
|
*gʷantā
|
*gʷantai
|
*gʷantās
|
| accusative
|
*gʷantam
|
*gʷantai
|
*gʷantans
|
| genitive
|
*gʷantās
|
*gʷantous
|
*gʷantom
|
| dative
|
*gʷantai
|
*gʷantābom
|
*gʷantābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*gʷantābim
|
*gʷantābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*gʷantom
|
*gʷantou
|
*gʷantā
|
| vocative
|
*gʷantom
|
*gʷantou
|
*gʷantā
|
| accusative
|
*gʷantom
|
*gʷantou
|
*gʷantā
|
| genitive
|
*gʷantī
|
*gʷantous
|
*gʷantom
|
| dative
|
*gʷantūi
|
*gʷantobom
|
*gʷantobos
|
| instrumental
|
*gʷantū
|
*gʷantobim
|
*gʷantobis
|
Derived terms
- *ati-gʷaneti (“strike back, strike again”)
- Proto-Brythonic:
- Old Irish: ad·goin
- Gaulish: ateuane (2sg. imp.)
- *ɸeri-gʷaneti
- Proto-Brythonic: *erwan (conjunct)
- Middle Welsh: erwan (3sg. pres.)
- *to-gʷaneti
- *to-dī-kom-gʷaneti
- Proto-Brythonic:
- Old Breton: do·dicouant (past pret. sg.)
- *gʷan-tlom
- Middle Irish: gétal (name of an Ogham letter)
Descendants
- Proto-Brythonic: *gwėnɨd
- Old Irish: gonaid
- Celtiberian: Guandos (personal name, literally “the struck”) (< past participle *gʷantos)