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This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.
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Proto-Celtic
Etymology
Thematic present from Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰer- (“warm, hot”).
Verb
*gʷereti[1]
- to heat up
Inflection
| Thematic present, t-preterite
|
| Active voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*gʷerū
|
*gʷeremam
|
?
|
*gʷeram
|
| 2nd singular
|
*gʷeresi
|
*gʷeretās
|
?
|
*gʷers
|
| 3rd singular
|
*gʷereti
|
*gʷereto
|
?
|
*gʷert
|
| 1st plural
|
*gʷeromosi
|
*gʷeremo
|
?
|
*gʷerme
|
| 2nd plural
|
*gʷeretesi
|
*gʷerestē
|
?
|
*gʷerte
|
| 3rd plural
|
*gʷeronti
|
*gʷerento
|
?
|
*gʷerant
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*gʷerasū
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*gʷerasesi
|
?
|
*gʷere
|
| 3rd singular
|
*gʷeraseti
|
?
|
*gʷeretou
|
| 1st plural
|
*gʷerasomosi
|
?
|
*gʷeromos
|
| 2nd plural
|
*gʷerasetesi
|
?
|
*gʷerete
|
| 3rd plural
|
*gʷerasonti
|
?
|
*gʷerontou
|
| Passive voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*gʷerūr
|
—
|
?
|
?
|
| 2nd singular
|
*gʷeretar
|
—
|
?
|
?
|
| 3rd singular
|
*gʷeretor
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
| 1st plural
|
*gʷerommor
|
—
|
?
|
?
|
| 2nd plural
|
*gʷeredwe
|
—
|
?
|
?
|
| 3rd plural
|
*gʷerontor
|
?
|
?
|
*gʷeranto
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*gʷerasūr
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*gʷerasetar
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*gʷerasetor
|
—
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*gʷerasommor
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*gʷerasedwe
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*gʷerasontor
|
—
|
—
|
| Declension of the present participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*gʷeronts
|
*gʷeronte
|
*gʷerontes
|
| vocative
|
*gʷeronts
|
*gʷeronte
|
*gʷerontes
|
| accusative
|
*gʷerontam
|
*gʷeronte
|
*gʷerontans
|
| genitive
|
*gʷerantos
|
*?
|
*gʷerantom
|
| dative
|
*gʷerantei
|
*gʷerantbom
|
*gʷerantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*gʷerantī?
|
*gʷerantbim
|
*gʷerantbis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*gʷerantī
|
*gʷerantī
|
*gʷerantiyās
|
| vocative
|
*gʷerantī
|
*gʷerantī
|
*gʷerantiyās
|
| accusative
|
*gʷerantīm
|
*gʷerantī
|
*gʷerantiyans
|
| genitive
|
*gʷerantyās
|
*?
|
*gʷerantyom
|
| dative
|
*gʷerantyāi
|
*gʷerantyābom
|
*gʷerantyābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*gʷerantyābim
|
*gʷerantyābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*gʷeront
|
*?
|
*gʷeronta
|
| vocative
|
*gʷeront
|
*?
|
*gʷeronta
|
| accusative
|
*gʷeront
|
*?
|
*gʷeronta
|
| genitive
|
*gʷerantos
|
*?
|
*gʷerantom
|
| dative
|
*gʷerantei
|
*?
|
*gʷerantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*gʷerantī?
|
*?
|
*gʷerantbis
|
| Declension of the middle participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*gʷeromnos
|
*gʷeromnou
|
*gʷeromnoi
|
| vocative
|
*gʷeromne
|
*gʷeromnou
|
*gʷeromnoi
|
| accusative
|
*gʷeromnom
|
*gʷeromnou
|
*gʷeromnons
|
| genitive
|
*gʷeromnī
|
*gʷeromnous
|
*gʷeromnom
|
| dative
|
*gʷeromnūi
|
*gʷeromnobom
|
*gʷeromnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*gʷeromnū
|
*gʷeromnobim
|
*gʷeromnobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*gʷeromnā
|
*gʷeromnai
|
*gʷeromnās
|
| vocative
|
*gʷeromnā
|
*gʷeromnai
|
*gʷeromnās
|
| accusative
|
*gʷeromnam
|
*gʷeromnai
|
*gʷeromnans
|
| genitive
|
*gʷeromnās
|
*gʷeromnous
|
*gʷeromnom
|
| dative
|
*gʷeromnai
|
*gʷeromnābom
|
*gʷeromnābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*gʷeromnābim
|
*gʷeromnābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*gʷeromnom
|
*gʷeromnou
|
*gʷeromnā
|
| vocative
|
*gʷeromnom
|
*gʷeromnou
|
*gʷeromnā
|
| accusative
|
*gʷeromnom
|
*gʷeromnou
|
*gʷeromnā
|
| genitive
|
*gʷeromnī
|
*gʷeromnous
|
*gʷeromnom
|
| dative
|
*gʷeromnūi
|
*gʷeromnobom
|
*gʷeromnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*gʷeromnū
|
*gʷeromnobim
|
*gʷeromnobis
|
| Declension of the past participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*gʷritos
|
*gʷritou
|
*gʷritoi
|
| vocative
|
*gʷrite
|
*gʷritou
|
*gʷritoi
|
| accusative
|
*gʷritom
|
*gʷritou
|
*gʷritons
|
| genitive
|
*gʷritī
|
*gʷritous
|
*gʷritom
|
| dative
|
*gʷritūi
|
*gʷritobom
|
*gʷritobos
|
| instrumental
|
*gʷritū
|
*gʷritobim
|
*gʷritobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*gʷritā
|
*gʷritai
|
*gʷritās
|
| vocative
|
*gʷritā
|
*gʷritai
|
*gʷritās
|
| accusative
|
*gʷritam
|
*gʷritai
|
*gʷritans
|
| genitive
|
*gʷritās
|
*gʷritous
|
*gʷritom
|
| dative
|
*gʷritai
|
*gʷritābom
|
*gʷritābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*gʷritābim
|
*gʷritābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*gʷritom
|
*gʷritou
|
*gʷritā
|
| vocative
|
*gʷritom
|
*gʷritou
|
*gʷritā
|
| accusative
|
*gʷritom
|
*gʷritou
|
*gʷritā
|
| genitive
|
*gʷritī
|
*gʷritous
|
*gʷritom
|
| dative
|
*gʷritūi
|
*gʷritobom
|
*gʷritobos
|
| instrumental
|
*gʷritū
|
*gʷritobim
|
*gʷritobis
|
Derived terms
Descendants
- Middle Irish: gerthiut (3sg. with suffixed pronoun)
References
- ^ Schumacher, Stefan, Schulze-Thulin, Britta (2004) Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon [The Celtic Primary Verbs: A comparative, etymological and morphological lexicon] (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; 110) (in German), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck, →ISBN, pages 372-373