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This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.
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Proto-Celtic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *pékʷeti, a thematic present from *pekʷ- (“to cook”). This verb contains an assimilation of *p-kʷ to *kʷ-kʷ followed by a sporadic vowel rounding of *e to o when surrounded by two labiovelars.
Verb
*kʷokʷeti[1]
- to cook
Inflection
| Thematic present
|
| Active voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*kʷokʷū
|
*kʷokʷemam
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*kʷokʷesi
|
*kʷokʷetās
|
?
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*kʷokʷeti
|
*kʷokʷeto
|
?
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*kʷokʷomosi
|
*kʷokʷemo
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*kʷokʷetesi
|
*kʷokʷestē
|
?
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*kʷokʷonti
|
*kʷokʷento
|
?
|
—
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
?
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
?
|
?
|
*kʷokʷe
|
| 3rd singular
|
?
|
?
|
*kʷokʷetou
|
| 1st plural
|
?
|
?
|
*kʷokʷomos
|
| 2nd plural
|
?
|
?
|
*kʷokʷete
|
| 3rd plural
|
?
|
?
|
*kʷokʷontou
|
| Passive voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*kʷokʷūr
|
—
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*kʷokʷetar
|
—
|
?
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*kʷokʷetor
|
?
|
?
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*kʷokʷommor
|
—
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*kʷokʷedwe
|
—
|
?
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*kʷokʷontor
|
?
|
?
|
—
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| Declension of the present participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*kʷokʷonts
|
*kʷokʷonte
|
*kʷokʷontes
|
| vocative
|
*kʷokʷonts
|
*kʷokʷonte
|
*kʷokʷontes
|
| accusative
|
*kʷokʷontam
|
*kʷokʷonte
|
*kʷokʷontans
|
| genitive
|
*kʷokʷantos
|
*?
|
*kʷokʷantom
|
| dative
|
*kʷokʷantei
|
*kʷokʷantbom
|
*kʷokʷantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*kʷokʷantī?
|
*kʷokʷantbim
|
*kʷokʷantbis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*kʷokʷantī
|
*kʷokʷantī
|
*kʷokʷantiyās
|
| vocative
|
*kʷokʷantī
|
*kʷokʷantī
|
*kʷokʷantiyās
|
| accusative
|
*kʷokʷantīm
|
*kʷokʷantī
|
*kʷokʷantiyans
|
| genitive
|
*kʷokʷantyās
|
*?
|
*kʷokʷantyom
|
| dative
|
*kʷokʷantyāi
|
*kʷokʷantyābom
|
*kʷokʷantyābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*kʷokʷantyābim
|
*kʷokʷantyābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*kʷokʷont
|
*?
|
*kʷokʷonta
|
| vocative
|
*kʷokʷont
|
*?
|
*kʷokʷonta
|
| accusative
|
*kʷokʷont
|
*?
|
*kʷokʷonta
|
| genitive
|
*kʷokʷantos
|
*?
|
*kʷokʷantom
|
| dative
|
*kʷokʷantei
|
*?
|
*kʷokʷantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*kʷokʷantī?
|
*?
|
*kʷokʷantbis
|
| Declension of the middle participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*kʷokʷomnos
|
*kʷokʷomnou
|
*kʷokʷomnoi
|
| vocative
|
*kʷokʷomne
|
*kʷokʷomnou
|
*kʷokʷomnoi
|
| accusative
|
*kʷokʷomnom
|
*kʷokʷomnou
|
*kʷokʷomnons
|
| genitive
|
*kʷokʷomnī
|
*kʷokʷomnous
|
*kʷokʷomnom
|
| dative
|
*kʷokʷomnūi
|
*kʷokʷomnobom
|
*kʷokʷomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*kʷokʷomnū
|
*kʷokʷomnobim
|
*kʷokʷomnobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*kʷokʷomnā
|
*kʷokʷomnai
|
*kʷokʷomnās
|
| vocative
|
*kʷokʷomnā
|
*kʷokʷomnai
|
*kʷokʷomnās
|
| accusative
|
*kʷokʷomnam
|
*kʷokʷomnai
|
*kʷokʷomnans
|
| genitive
|
*kʷokʷomnās
|
*kʷokʷomnous
|
*kʷokʷomnom
|
| dative
|
*kʷokʷomnai
|
*kʷokʷomnābom
|
*kʷokʷomnābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*kʷokʷomnābim
|
*kʷokʷomnābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*kʷokʷomnom
|
*kʷokʷomnou
|
*kʷokʷomnā
|
| vocative
|
*kʷokʷomnom
|
*kʷokʷomnou
|
*kʷokʷomnā
|
| accusative
|
*kʷokʷomnom
|
*kʷokʷomnou
|
*kʷokʷomnā
|
| genitive
|
*kʷokʷomnī
|
*kʷokʷomnous
|
*kʷokʷomnom
|
| dative
|
*kʷokʷomnūi
|
*kʷokʷomnobom
|
*kʷokʷomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*kʷokʷomnū
|
*kʷokʷomnobim
|
*kʷokʷomnobis
|
| Declension of the past participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*kʷoxtos
|
*kʷoxtou
|
*kʷoxtoi
|
| vocative
|
*kʷoxte
|
*kʷoxtou
|
*kʷoxtoi
|
| accusative
|
*kʷoxtom
|
*kʷoxtou
|
*kʷoxtons
|
| genitive
|
*kʷoxtī
|
*kʷoxtous
|
*kʷoxtom
|
| dative
|
*kʷoxtūi
|
*kʷoxtobom
|
*kʷoxtobos
|
| instrumental
|
*kʷoxtū
|
*kʷoxtobim
|
*kʷoxtobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*kʷoxtā
|
*kʷoxtai
|
*kʷoxtās
|
| vocative
|
*kʷoxtā
|
*kʷoxtai
|
*kʷoxtās
|
| accusative
|
*kʷoxtam
|
*kʷoxtai
|
*kʷoxtans
|
| genitive
|
*kʷoxtās
|
*kʷoxtous
|
*kʷoxtom
|
| dative
|
*kʷoxtai
|
*kʷoxtābom
|
*kʷoxtābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*kʷoxtābim
|
*kʷoxtābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*kʷoxtom
|
*kʷoxtou
|
*kʷoxtā
|
| vocative
|
*kʷoxtom
|
*kʷoxtou
|
*kʷoxtā
|
| accusative
|
*kʷoxtom
|
*kʷoxtou
|
*kʷoxtā
|
| genitive
|
*kʷoxtī
|
*kʷoxtous
|
*kʷoxtom
|
| dative
|
*kʷoxtūi
|
*kʷoxtobom
|
*kʷoxtobos
|
| instrumental
|
*kʷoxtū
|
*kʷoxtobim
|
*kʷoxtobis
|
Derived terms
Descendants
- Proto-Brythonic: *pobɨd
- Middle Breton: pibi, poba
- Cornish: pobas
- Middle Welsh: poby
References
- ^ Schumacher, Stefan, Schulze-Thulin, Britta (2004) Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon [The Celtic Primary Verbs: A comparative, etymological and morphological lexicon] (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; 110) (in German), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck, →ISBN, pages 429-430