Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/kaletos
Proto-Celtic
Etymology
If the original meaning was "frozen" before evolving into "hard," possibly from Proto-Indo-European *ḱlH-eto- (“cold”), related to *kal- (“hard”), see also Proto-Germanic *haliþaz (“hero”), Latin calleo (“I am hardened”). MacBain prefers a connection with Proto-Germanic *halluz (“stone, boulder”), from *(s)kel- (“to cut; hew”).[1]
Adjective
*kaletos[2]
Inflection
| O/ā-stem | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *kaletos | *kaletou | *kaletoi |
| vocative | *kalete | *kaletou | *kaletoi |
| accusative | *kaletom | *kaletou | *kaletons |
| genitive | *kaletī | *kaletous | *kaletom |
| dative | *kaletūi | *kaletobom | *kaletobos |
| instrumental | *kaletū | *kaletobim | *kaletobis |
| feminine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *kaletā | *kaletai | *kaletās |
| vocative | *kaletā | *kaletai | *kaletās |
| accusative | *kaletam | *kaletai | *kaletans |
| genitive | *kaletās | *kaletous | *kaletom |
| dative | *kaletai | *kaletābom | *kaletābos |
| instrumental | *? | *kaletābim | *kaletābis |
| neuter | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *kaletom | *kaletou | *kaletā |
| vocative | *kaletom | *kaletou | *kaletā |
| accusative | *kaletom | *kaletou | *kaletā |
| genitive | *kaletī | *kaletous | *kaletom |
| dative | *kaletūi | *kaletobom | *kaletobos |
| instrumental | *kaletū | *kaletobim | *kaletobis |
| Declension of the comparative | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *kaletyūs | *? | *kaletyoses |
| vocative | *kaletyūs | *? | *kaletyoses |
| accusative | *kaletyosam | *? | *kaletyosans |
| genitive | *kaletisos | *? | *kaletisom |
| dative | *kaletisei | *? | *kaletisbos |
| instrumental | *kaletisī | *? | *kaletisbis |
| feminine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *kaletyūs | *? | *kaletyoses |
| vocative | *kaletyūs | *? | *kaletyoses |
| accusative | *kaletyosam | *? | *kaletyosans |
| genitive | *kaletisos | *? | *kaletisom |
| dative | *kaletisei | *? | *kaletisbos |
| instrumental | *kaletisī | *? | *kaletisbis |
| neuter | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *kaletis | *? | *? |
| vocative | *kaletis | *? | *? |
| accusative | *kaletis | *? | *? |
| genitive | *kaletisos | *? | *kaletisom |
| dative | *kaletisei | *? | *kaletisbos |
| instrumental | *kaletisī | *? | *kaletisbis |
Descendants
- Proto-Brythonic: *kaled
- Old Irish: calad
- Gaulish: Caleti (ethnonym)
References
- ^ MacBain, Alexander, Mackay, Eneas (1911) “caladh”, in An Etymological Dictionary of the Gaelic Language[1], Stirling, →ISBN
- ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*kaleto-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 185