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This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.
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Proto-Celtic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *kneh₂- (“to bite, to gnaw”).
Verb
*knāyeti[1]
- to bite, to chew
Inflection
| Thematic present
|
| Active voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*knāyū
|
*knāyemam
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*knāyesi
|
*knāyetās
|
?
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*knāyeti
|
*knāyeto
|
?
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*knāyomosi
|
*knāyemo
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*knāyetesi
|
*knāyestē
|
?
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*knāyonti
|
*knāyento
|
?
|
—
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*knāsū
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*knāsesi
|
?
|
*knāye
|
| 3rd singular
|
*knāseti
|
?
|
*knāyetou
|
| 1st plural
|
*knāsomosi
|
?
|
*knāyomos
|
| 2nd plural
|
*knāsetesi
|
?
|
*knāyete
|
| 3rd plural
|
*knāsonti
|
?
|
*knāyontou
|
| Passive voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*knāyūr
|
—
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*knāyetar
|
—
|
?
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*knāyetor
|
?
|
?
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*knāyommor
|
—
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*knāyedwe
|
—
|
?
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*knāyontor
|
?
|
?
|
—
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*knāsūr
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*knāsetar
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*knāsetor
|
—
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*knāsommor
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*knāsedwe
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*knāsontor
|
—
|
—
|
| Declension of the present participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*knāyonts
|
*knāyonte
|
*knāyontes
|
| vocative
|
*knāyonts
|
*knāyonte
|
*knāyontes
|
| accusative
|
*knāyontam
|
*knāyonte
|
*knāyontans
|
| genitive
|
*knāyantos
|
*?
|
*knāyantom
|
| dative
|
*knāyantei
|
*knāyantbom
|
*knāyantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*knāyantī?
|
*knāyantbim
|
*knāyantbis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*knāyantī
|
*knāyantī
|
*knāyantiyās
|
| vocative
|
*knāyantī
|
*knāyantī
|
*knāyantiyās
|
| accusative
|
*knāyantīm
|
*knāyantī
|
*knāyantiyans
|
| genitive
|
*knāyantyās
|
*?
|
*knāyantyom
|
| dative
|
*knāyantyāi
|
*knāyantyābom
|
*knāyantyābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*knāyantyābim
|
*knāyantyābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*knāyont
|
*?
|
*knāyonta
|
| vocative
|
*knāyont
|
*?
|
*knāyonta
|
| accusative
|
*knāyont
|
*?
|
*knāyonta
|
| genitive
|
*knāyantos
|
*?
|
*knāyantom
|
| dative
|
*knāyantei
|
*?
|
*knāyantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*knāyantī?
|
*?
|
*knāyantbis
|
| Declension of the middle participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*knāyomnos
|
*knāyomnou
|
*knāyomnoi
|
| vocative
|
*knāyomne
|
*knāyomnou
|
*knāyomnoi
|
| accusative
|
*knāyomnom
|
*knāyomnou
|
*knāyomnons
|
| genitive
|
*knāyomnī
|
*knāyomnous
|
*knāyomnom
|
| dative
|
*knāyomnūi
|
*knāyomnobom
|
*knāyomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*knāyomnū
|
*knāyomnobim
|
*knāyomnobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*knāyomnā
|
*knāyomnai
|
*knāyomnās
|
| vocative
|
*knāyomnā
|
*knāyomnai
|
*knāyomnās
|
| accusative
|
*knāyomnam
|
*knāyomnai
|
*knāyomnans
|
| genitive
|
*knāyomnās
|
*knāyomnous
|
*knāyomnom
|
| dative
|
*knāyomnai
|
*knāyomnābom
|
*knāyomnābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*knāyomnābim
|
*knāyomnābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*knāyomnom
|
*knāyomnou
|
*knāyomnā
|
| vocative
|
*knāyomnom
|
*knāyomnou
|
*knāyomnā
|
| accusative
|
*knāyomnom
|
*knāyomnou
|
*knāyomnā
|
| genitive
|
*knāyomnī
|
*knāyomnous
|
*knāyomnom
|
| dative
|
*knāyomnūi
|
*knāyomnobom
|
*knāyomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*knāyomnū
|
*knāyomnobim
|
*knāyomnobis
|
Descendants
- Brythonic:
- Middle Welsh: cnoi, cny (Present, 3rd singular)
- Goidelic:
- Middle Irish: cnaid
- ⇒ Old Irish: imm·cná
- ⇒ Old Irish: con·cná
- Middle Irish: con·cnaí, cocnaid
References
- ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*knāy-o-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 211