Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/krouk-

This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Celtic

Etymology

Unknown. Many conflicting etymologies are available; see Lucht (2007) for them. Probably somehow from Proto-Indo-European *krewH- (“to pile, stack up”).

Delamarre prefers a comparison to Proto-Germanic *hraukaz (“pile, heap”).^[1]

Noun

*krouk- gender unattested

heap, pile

Inflection

Feminine ā-stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*kroukā	*kroukai	*kroukās
vocative	*kroukā	*kroukai	*kroukās
accusative	*kroukam	*kroukai	*kroukāns
genitive	*kroukās	*kroukous	*kroukom
dative	*kroukāi	*kroukābom	*kroukābos
locative	*kroukai	*?	*?
instrumental	*?	*kroukābim	*kroukābis

Masculine o-stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*kroukos	*kroukou	*kroukoi
vocative	*krouke	*kroukou	*kroukoi
accusative	*kroukom	*kroukou	*kroukons
genitive	*kroukī	*kroukous	*kroukom
dative	*kroukūi	*kroukobom	*kroukobos
locative	*kroukei	*?	*?
instrumental	*kroukū	*kroukobim	*kroukūis

Reconstruction notes

The gender of this word is gravely ambiguous; feminine in Goidelic, masculine in Brittonic (which can come from either the masculine or neuter gender), and both masculine and feminine derivatives appear in Romance languages. Matasović prefers an original o-stem with the feminine forms being a derived collective,^[2] while Lucht takes the feminines as primary.^[3]

Descendants

Proto-Brythonic: *krʉg m
- Old Breton: cruc
  - Breton: krug (“heap, pile”)
- Old Cornish: cruc
  - Cornish: cruk
- Middle Welsh: cruc
  - Welsh: crug
Old Irish: crúach f
- Irish: cruach
  - → English: croagh
  - →⇒ Yola: kurkeen
- Manx: creagh
- Scottish Gaelic: cruach
Gaulish: *croc-
- → French: Crucq (name of a village in Lot-et-Garonne, and a derived surname)
- → French: (Béarnais) cruque (“heap, pile”), (Landais) croque (“skull, head”)
- → Franco-Provençal: (Lyonnais) cuchon
- → Occitan: cruc, cruca (“top of the head, occiput”)

References

^ Delamarre, Xavier (2003) Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental [Dictionary of the Gaulish language: A linguistic approach to Old Continental Celtic] (Collection des Hespérides; 9), 2nd edition, Éditions Errance, →ISBN
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*krowko-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 226–227
^ Lucht, Martina (2007) Der Grundwortschatz des Altirischen‎^[1] (in German), Bonn: Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, page 269

[1] Delamarre, Xavier (2003) Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental [Dictionary of the Gaulish language: A linguistic approach to Old Continental Celtic] (Collection des Hespérides; 9), 2nd edition, Éditions Errance, →ISBN

[2] Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*krowko-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 226–227

[3] Lucht, Martina (2007) Der Grundwortschatz des Altirischen‎^[1] (in German), Bonn: Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, page 269

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