cruach

See also: crúach

Irish

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /kɾˠuəx/[1][2][3]
  • (Ulster) IPA(key): /kɾˠɔx/[4] (in the phrase cruach fhéir (“hayrick”) /kɾˠɔxˈeːɾʲ/)

Etymology 1

From crua (“hard”) +‎ -ach.

Alternative forms

Noun

cruach f (genitive singular cruach)

  1. steel (metal alloy)
Declension
Declension of cruach (fourth declension, no plural)
bare forms
singular
nominative cruach
vocative a chruach
genitive cruach
dative cruach
forms with the definite article
singular
nominative an chruach
genitive na cruach
dative leis an gcruach
don chruach
Derived terms

Further reading

  • Dinneen, Patrick S. (1927) “cruaḋaċ”, in Foclóir Gaeḋilge agus Béarla, 2nd edition, Dublin: Irish Texts Society, page 273; reprinted with additions 1996, →ISBN
  • Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “cruach”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
  • de Bhaldraithe, Tomás (1959) “cruach”, in English-Irish Dictionary, An Gúm
  • “cruach”, in New English-Irish Dictionary, Foras na Gaeilge, 2013–2025

Etymology 2

From Middle Irish crúach, from Old Irish crúach (“stack; mountain, hill”),[5] from Proto-Celtic *krouk- (“heap”), probably from Proto-Indo-European *krewH- (“to heap up”), shared with Proto-Germanic *hraukaz (“heap”), Lithuanian kruvà (“heap”).[6][7]

Noun

cruach f (genitive singular cruaiche, nominative plural cruacha)

  1. stack (of corn or hay), pile
  2. (geography) hill, mountain
Declension
Declension of cruach (second declension)
bare forms
singular plural
nominative cruach cruacha
vocative a chruach a chruacha
genitive cruaiche cruach
dative cruach
cruaich (archaic, dialectal) 		cruacha
forms with the definite article
singular plural
nominative an chruach na cruacha
genitive na cruaiche na gcruach
dative leis an gcruach
leis an gcruaich (archaic, dialectal)
don chruach
don chruaich (archaic, dialectal) 		leis na cruacha
Descendants
  • → English: croagh
  • →⇒ Yola: kurkeen

Further reading

Etymology 3

From Old Irish crúachaid (“to heap, pile”),[8] from crúach (“heap, pile”).

Verb

cruach (present analytic cruachann, future analytic cruachfaidh, verbal noun cruachadh, past participle cruachta)

  1. (transitive) to stack, pile
Conjugation
conjugation of cruach (first conjugation – A)
verbal noun cruachadh
past participle cruachta
tense singular plural relative autonomous
first second third first second third
indicative
present cruachaim cruachann tú;
cruachair† 		cruachann sé, sí cruachaimid cruachann sibh cruachann siad;
cruachaid† 		a chruachann; a chruachas /
a gcruachann* 		cruachtar
past chruach mé; chruachas chruach tú; chruachais chruach sé, sí chruachamar; chruach muid chruach sibh; chruachabhair chruach siad; chruachadar a chruach /
ar chruach* 		cruachadh
past habitual chruachainn / gcruachainn‡‡ chruachtá / gcruachtᇇ chruachadh sé, sí / gcruachadh sé, s퇇 chruachaimis; chruachadh muid / gcruachaimis‡‡; gcruachadh muid‡‡ chruachadh sibh / gcruachadh sibh‡‡ chruachaidís; chruachadh siad / gcruachaidís‡‡; gcruachadh siad‡‡ a chruachadh /
a gcruachadh* 		chruachtaí / gcruachta퇇
future cruachfaidh mé;
cruachfad 		cruachfaidh tú;
cruachfair† 		cruachfaidh sé, sí cruachfaimid;
cruachfaidh muid 		cruachfaidh sibh cruachfaidh siad;
cruachfaid† 		a chruachfaidh; a chruachfas /
a gcruachfaidh* 		cruachfar
conditional chruachfainn / gcruachfainn‡‡ chruachfá / gcruachfᇇ chruachfadh sé, sí / gcruachfadh sé, s퇇 chruachfaimis; chruachfadh muid / gcruachfaimis‡‡; gcruachfadh muid‡‡ chruachfadh sibh / gcruachfadh sibh‡‡ chruachfaidís; chruachfadh siad / gcruachfaidís‡‡; gcruachfadh siad‡‡ a chruachfadh /
a gcruachfadh* 		chruachfaí / gcruachfa퇇
subjunctive
present go gcruacha mé;
go gcruachad† 		go gcruacha tú;
go gcruachair† 		go gcruacha sé, sí go gcruachaimid;
go gcruacha muid 		go gcruacha sibh go gcruacha siad;
go gcruachaid† 		— go gcruachtar
past dá gcruachainn dá gcruachtá dá gcruachadh sé, sí dá gcruachaimis;
dá gcruachadh muid 		dá gcruachadh sibh dá gcruachaidís;
dá gcruachadh siad 		— dá gcruachtaí
imperative
– cruachaim cruach cruachadh sé, sí cruachaimis cruachaigí;
cruachaidh† 		cruachaidís — cruachtar

* indirect relative
† archaic or dialect form
‡‡ dependent form used with particles that trigger eclipsis

Derived terms

Further reading

  • Dinneen, Patrick S. (1927) “cruaċaim”, in Foclóir Gaeḋilge agus Béarla, 2nd edition, Dublin: Irish Texts Society, page 272; reprinted with additions 1996, →ISBN
  • Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “cruach”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
  • de Bhaldraithe, Tomás (1959) “cruach”, in English-Irish Dictionary, An Gúm
  • “cruach”, in New English-Irish Dictionary, Foras na Gaeilge, 2013–2025

Mutation

Mutated forms of cruach
radical lenition eclipsis
cruach chruach gcruach

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

References

References
  1. ^ Sjoestedt, M. L. (1931) Phonétique d’un parler irlandais de Kerry [Phonetics of an Irish Dialect of Kerry] (in French), Paris: Librairie Ernest Leroux, § 209, page 105
  2. ^ Finck, F. N. (1899) Die araner mundart [The Aran Dialect] (in German), Zweiter Band: Wörterbuch [Second volume: Dictionary], Marburg: Elwert’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, page 163
  3. ^ Quiggin, E. C. (1906) A Dialect of Donegal, Cambridge University Press, § 151, page 59
  4. ^ Quiggin, E. C. (1906) A Dialect of Donegal, Cambridge University Press, § 27, page 14
  5. ^ Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “1 crúach”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
  6. ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “krowko-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 226-27
  7. ^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “616”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 616
  8. ^ Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “crúachaid”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

Scottish Gaelic

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /kʰɾuəx/

Etymology 1

From Old Irish crúach (“stack of corn; rick; heap, conical pile; mountain, hill”), from Proto-Celtic *krouk- (“heap”).[1]

Noun

cruach f (genitive singular cruaiche, plural cruachan)

  1. pile, heap, stack
Derived terms

Etymology 2

From Old Irish crúachaid (“to heap, pile”),[2] from crúach (“heap, pile”).

Verb

cruach (past chruach, future cruachaidh, verbal noun cruachadh, past participle cruachte)

  1. to pile or heap up
  2. to make into a stack

Mutation

Mutation of cruach
radical lenition
cruach chruach

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Scottish Gaelic.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

References

  1. ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “krowko-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 226-27
  2. ^ Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “crúachaid”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
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