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This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.
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Proto-Celtic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *miḱsḱéti, from *meyḱ- (“to mix”).[1]
Verb
*miskati
- to mix, confuse
Inflection
| Athematic present
|
| Active voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*miskami
|
*miskamam
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*miskasi
|
*miskatās
|
?
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*miskati
|
*miskato
|
?
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*miskamosi
|
*miskamo
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*miskatesi
|
*miskastē
|
?
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*miskanti
|
*miskanto
|
?
|
—
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
?
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
?
|
?
|
*miska
|
| 3rd singular
|
?
|
?
|
*miskatou
|
| 1st plural
|
?
|
?
|
*miskamos
|
| 2nd plural
|
?
|
?
|
*miskate
|
| 3rd plural
|
?
|
?
|
*miskantou
|
| Passive voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*miskar
|
—
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*miskatar
|
—
|
?
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*miskator
|
?
|
?
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*miskammor
|
—
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*miskadwe
|
—
|
?
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*miskantor
|
?
|
?
|
—
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| Declension of the present participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*miskants
|
*miskante
|
*miskantes
|
| vocative
|
*miskants
|
*miskante
|
*miskantes
|
| accusative
|
*miskantam
|
*miskante
|
*miskantans
|
| genitive
|
*miskantos
|
*?
|
*miskantom
|
| dative
|
*miskantei
|
*miskantbom
|
*miskantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*miskantī?
|
*miskantbim
|
*miskantbis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*miskantī
|
*miskantī
|
*miskantiyās
|
| vocative
|
*miskantī
|
*miskantī
|
*miskantiyās
|
| accusative
|
*miskantīm
|
*miskantī
|
*miskantiyans
|
| genitive
|
*miskantyās
|
*?
|
*miskantyom
|
| dative
|
*miskantyāi
|
*miskantyābom
|
*miskantyābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*miskantyābim
|
*miskantyābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*miskant
|
*?
|
*miskanta
|
| vocative
|
*miskant
|
*?
|
*miskanta
|
| accusative
|
*miskant
|
*?
|
*miskanta
|
| genitive
|
*miskantos
|
*?
|
*miskantom
|
| dative
|
*miskantei
|
*?
|
*miskantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*miskantī?
|
*?
|
*miskantbis
|
| Declension of the middle participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*miskamnos
|
*miskamnou
|
*miskamnoi
|
| vocative
|
*miskamne
|
*miskamnou
|
*miskamnoi
|
| accusative
|
*miskamnom
|
*miskamnou
|
*miskamnons
|
| genitive
|
*miskamnī
|
*miskamnous
|
*miskamnom
|
| dative
|
*miskamnūi
|
*miskamnobom
|
*miskamnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*miskamnū
|
*miskamnobim
|
*miskamnobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*miskamnā
|
*miskamnai
|
*miskamnās
|
| vocative
|
*miskamnā
|
*miskamnai
|
*miskamnās
|
| accusative
|
*miskamnam
|
*miskamnai
|
*miskamnans
|
| genitive
|
*miskamnās
|
*miskamnous
|
*miskamnom
|
| dative
|
*miskamnai
|
*miskamnābom
|
*miskamnābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*miskamnābim
|
*miskamnābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*miskamnom
|
*miskamnou
|
*miskamnā
|
| vocative
|
*miskamnom
|
*miskamnou
|
*miskamnā
|
| accusative
|
*miskamnom
|
*miskamnou
|
*miskamnā
|
| genitive
|
*miskamnī
|
*miskamnous
|
*miskamnom
|
| dative
|
*miskamnūi
|
*miskamnobom
|
*miskamnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*miskamnū
|
*miskamnobim
|
*miskamnobis
|
Descendants
- Proto-Brythonic: *mɨskad
- Middle Breton: mescaff
- Cornish: myska
- Middle Welsh: mysgu
- Old Irish: mescaid
Derived terms
References
- ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 273