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This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.
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Proto-Celtic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *sweyd- (“to sweat”).
Verb
*sweideti[1]
- (secondarily) to swell
- (originally) to sweat
Inflection
| Thematic present, suffixless preterite
|
| Active voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*sweidū
|
*sweidemam
|
*siswitsū
|
*siswoida
|
| 2nd singular
|
*sweidesi
|
*sweidetās
|
*siswitsesi
|
*siswoidas?
|
| 3rd singular
|
*sweideti
|
*sweideto
|
*siswitseti
|
*siswoide
|
| 1st plural
|
*sweidomosi
|
*sweidemo
|
*siswitsomosi
|
*siswoidmo
|
| 2nd plural
|
*sweidetesi
|
*sweidestē
|
*siswitsetesi
|
*siswoisse
|
| 3rd plural
|
*sweidonti
|
*sweidento
|
*siswitsonti
|
*siswoidars
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*sweitsū
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*sweitsesi
|
?
|
*sweide
|
| 3rd singular
|
*sweitseti
|
?
|
*sweidetou
|
| 1st plural
|
*sweitsomosi
|
?
|
*sweidomos
|
| 2nd plural
|
*sweitsetesi
|
?
|
*sweidete
|
| 3rd plural
|
*sweitsonti
|
?
|
*sweidontou
|
| Passive voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*sweidūr
|
—
|
*siswitsūr
|
*siswoidra
|
| 2nd singular
|
*sweidetar
|
—
|
*siswitsetar
|
*siswoidras?
|
| 3rd singular
|
*sweidetor
|
?
|
*siswitsetor
|
*siswoidre
|
| 1st plural
|
*sweidommor
|
—
|
*siswitsommor
|
?
|
| 2nd plural
|
*sweidedwe
|
—
|
*siswitsedwe
|
?
|
| 3rd plural
|
*sweidontor
|
?
|
*siswitsontor
|
?
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*sweitsūr
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*sweitsetar
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*sweitsetor
|
—
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*sweitsommor
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*sweitsedwe
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*sweitsontor
|
—
|
—
|
| Declension of the present participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*sweidonts
|
*sweidonte
|
*sweidontes
|
| vocative
|
*sweidonts
|
*sweidonte
|
*sweidontes
|
| accusative
|
*sweidontam
|
*sweidonte
|
*sweidontans
|
| genitive
|
*sweidantos
|
*?
|
*sweidantom
|
| dative
|
*sweidantei
|
*sweidantbom
|
*sweidantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*sweidantī?
|
*sweidantbim
|
*sweidantbis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*sweidantī
|
*sweidantī
|
*sweidantiyās
|
| vocative
|
*sweidantī
|
*sweidantī
|
*sweidantiyās
|
| accusative
|
*sweidantīm
|
*sweidantī
|
*sweidantiyans
|
| genitive
|
*sweidantyās
|
*?
|
*sweidantyom
|
| dative
|
*sweidantyāi
|
*sweidantyābom
|
*sweidantyābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*sweidantyābim
|
*sweidantyābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*sweidont
|
*?
|
*sweidonta
|
| vocative
|
*sweidont
|
*?
|
*sweidonta
|
| accusative
|
*sweidont
|
*?
|
*sweidonta
|
| genitive
|
*sweidantos
|
*?
|
*sweidantom
|
| dative
|
*sweidantei
|
*?
|
*sweidantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*sweidantī?
|
*?
|
*sweidantbis
|
| Declension of the middle participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*sweidomnos
|
*sweidomnou
|
*sweidomnoi
|
| vocative
|
*sweidomne
|
*sweidomnou
|
*sweidomnoi
|
| accusative
|
*sweidomnom
|
*sweidomnou
|
*sweidomnons
|
| genitive
|
*sweidomnī
|
*sweidomnous
|
*sweidomnom
|
| dative
|
*sweidomnūi
|
*sweidomnobom
|
*sweidomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*sweidomnū
|
*sweidomnobim
|
*sweidomnobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*sweidomnā
|
*sweidomnai
|
*sweidomnās
|
| vocative
|
*sweidomnā
|
*sweidomnai
|
*sweidomnās
|
| accusative
|
*sweidomnam
|
*sweidomnai
|
*sweidomnans
|
| genitive
|
*sweidomnās
|
*sweidomnous
|
*sweidomnom
|
| dative
|
*sweidomnai
|
*sweidomnābom
|
*sweidomnābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*sweidomnābim
|
*sweidomnābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*sweidomnom
|
*sweidomnou
|
*sweidomnā
|
| vocative
|
*sweidomnom
|
*sweidomnou
|
*sweidomnā
|
| accusative
|
*sweidomnom
|
*sweidomnou
|
*sweidomnā
|
| genitive
|
*sweidomnī
|
*sweidomnous
|
*sweidomnom
|
| dative
|
*sweidomnūi
|
*sweidomnobom
|
*sweidomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*sweidomnū
|
*sweidomnobim
|
*sweidomnobis
|
| Declension of the past participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*swissos
|
*swissou
|
*swissoi
|
| vocative
|
*swisse
|
*swissou
|
*swissoi
|
| accusative
|
*swissom
|
*swissou
|
*swissons
|
| genitive
|
*swissī
|
*swissous
|
*swissom
|
| dative
|
*swissūi
|
*swissobom
|
*swissobos
|
| instrumental
|
*swissū
|
*swissobim
|
*swissobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*swissā
|
*swissai
|
*swissās
|
| vocative
|
*swissā
|
*swissai
|
*swissās
|
| accusative
|
*swissam
|
*swissai
|
*swissans
|
| genitive
|
*swissās
|
*swissous
|
*swissom
|
| dative
|
*swissai
|
*swissābom
|
*swissābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*swissābim
|
*swissābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*swissom
|
*swissou
|
*swissā
|
| vocative
|
*swissom
|
*swissou
|
*swissā
|
| accusative
|
*swissom
|
*swissou
|
*swissā
|
| genitive
|
*swissī
|
*swissous
|
*swissom
|
| dative
|
*swissūi
|
*swissobom
|
*swissobos
|
| instrumental
|
*swissū
|
*swissobim
|
*swissobis
|
Reconstruction notes
- The Brittonic nouns for "sweat" are from "more probably, *swid-to- (past participle)."[2] Although Matasović does not detail why he selected the past participle out of KPV's suggestions as the source and not the other candidates *-tis and *-tus, there are a few reasons to do so:
- *-tis is generally feminine, which is incompatible with the masculine gender of the Brittonic nouns.
- The past participle is closer semantically (to indicate a substance that is sweated out) compared to *-tus (which should make a noun denoting the act of sweating, not the product of such).
- The original meaning "to sweat" is thus betrayed by the past participle spawning nouns meaning "sweat".
Derived terms
- *swisso- (from the past participle)
- Proto-Brythonic: *hwɨs (“sweat”)
- *swissiyū (suffixed with *-tiyū)
- ⇒ Old Irish: úrphaisiu (“cancer”)
Descendants
- Proto-Brythonic: *hwuɨðɨd
- Middle Welsh: chwydo, hwydo
References
- ^ Schumacher, Stefan, Schulze-Thulin, Britta (2004) Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon [The Celtic Primary Verbs: A comparative, etymological and morphological lexicon] (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; 110) (in German), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck, →ISBN, page 610
- ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*swēsso-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 364