Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/faluz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.
This Proto-Germanic entry contains original research. The reconstruction in this entry is based on published research, but the specific form presented here is not found in prior works.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Unknown

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈɸɑ.luz/

Adjective

*faluz

  1. terrible; cruel; bad; baleful

Inflection

Declension of *faluz (u-stem)
Strong declension
singular plural
masculine feminine neuter masculine feminine neuter
nominative *faluz *falī *falų, *-jatō *faljai *faljôz *faljō
accusative *faljanǭ *faljǭ *falų, *-jatō *faljanz *faljōz *faljō
genitive *faljas, *falis *faljaizōz *faljas, *falis *faljaizǫ̂ *faljaizǫ̂ *faljaizǫ̂
dative *faljammai *faljaizōi *faljammai *faljaimaz *faljaimaz *faljaimaz
instrumental *faljanō *faljaizō *faljanō *faljaimiz *faljaimiz *faljaimiz
Weak declension
singular plural
masculine feminine neuter masculine feminine neuter
nominative *faljô *faljǭ *faljô *faljaniz *faljōniz *faljōnō
accusative *faljanų *faljōnų *faljô *faljanunz *faljōnunz *faljōnō
genitive *faliniz *faljōniz *faliniz *faljanǫ̂ *faljōnǫ̂ *faljanǫ̂
dative *falini *faljōni *falini *faljammaz *faljōmaz *faljammaz
instrumental *falinē *faljōnē *falinē *faljammiz *faljōmiz *faljammiz

Descendants

  • Proto-West Germanic: *fali, *falu
    • Old English: *fæle, *felo, *fel[1]
      • Middle English: fel, fell (“wicked, treacherous”) (reinforced or possibly reborrowed from Old French fel[2])
      • ⇒ Old English: ælfæle, ealfelo (“very cruel”, literally “all-cruel”)
      • ⇒ Old English: wælfel (“bloodthirsty”, literally “slaughter-cruel”)
    • Old Frisian: fal, fale, *fel, *fele (“terrible”) ([1404], hapax, presumed inherited[3], if not borrowed from Middle Dutch[4])
      • Saterland Frisian: fäl (< *fele, or borrowed from Dutch)
      • West Frisian: fel (< *fele, or borrowed from Dutch[5])
    • >? Old Saxon: *feli, *fel
      • Middle Low German: fel, vil (“godless, evil”) (or from Middle Dutch?[6][7])
        • German Low German: fell
        • ⇒ Middle Low German: velike (“fiercely”) (or from Middle Dutch?)
    • >? Old Dutch: *feli, *fel, *felli
      • Middle Dutch: fel (“cruel, wicked, embittered”) (reinforced or possibly reborrowed from Old French[8])
    • >? Old High German: *feli, *fel
      • Middle High German: vel (“cruel, heartless, evil”) ([± 1340, Minnereden][9], reinforced or possibly reborrowed from Old French[10])
        • ⇒ Middle High German: velheit, felheit (“wickedness”) ([± 1340, Minnereden], or from Middle Dutch?)

References

  1. ^ Joseph Bosworth, T. Northcote Toller (1898) “FEL,felo,fæle”, in An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary‎[1], second edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press, page 274.
  2. ^ “Proto-Germanic/faluz”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
  3. ^ W.J. Buma (1996) “fāle”, in Vollständiges Wörterbuch zum westerlauwersschen Jus Municipale Frisonum (in German), Leeuwarden: Fryske Akademy
  4. ^ von Richthofen, Karl (1840) “fal”, in Altfriesisches Wörterbuch [Old Frisian Dictionary] (in German), Dieterich Göttingen, page 725
  5. ^ “faluz”, in Wurdboek fan de Fryske taal (in Dutch), 2011
  6. ^ Lübben, August & Christoph Walter (1888) Mittelniederdeutsches Handwörterbuch‎[2] (in German), page 473: “fel”
  7. ^ Schlüter, Josef (1952). Die niederländischen Wörter in der westmünsterländischen Mundart, Dissertation at university of Münster.
  8. ^ van der Sijs, Nicoline, editor (2010), “fel”, in Etymologiebank, Meertens Institute
  9. ^ “vel” in Findebuch zum mittelhochdeutschen Wortschatz
  10. ^ Rosenquist, A. (1932) Der französische Einfluss auf die mittelhochdeutsche Sprache in der ersten Hälfte des des XIV. Jahrhunderts (in German)
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