Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/galdijaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *galdijaz (“barren, fruitless, castrated”) +‎ *-janą (“factitive suffix”). Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *gʰel- (“to cut”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈɣɑl.ði.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*galdijaną^[1]^[2]

to geld, castrate

Inflection

Conjugation of (weak class 1)
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*galdijō	*galdijaų	—	*galdijai	?
2nd singular	*galdīsi	*galdijais	*galdī	*galdijasai	*galdijaisau
3rd singular	*galdīþi	*galdijai	*galdijaþau	*galdijaþai	*galdijaiþau
1st dual	*galdijōs	*galdijaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*galdijaþiz	*galdijaiþiz	*galdijaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*galdijamaz	*galdijaim	—	*galdijanþai	*galdijainþau
2nd plural	*galdīþ	*galdijaiþ	*galdīþ	*galdijanþai	*galdijainþau
3rd plural	*galdijanþi	*galdijain	*galdijanþau	*galdijanþai	*galdijainþau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*galdidǭ	*galdidēdį̄
2nd singular	*galdidēz	*galdidēdīz
3rd singular	*galdidē	*galdidēdī
1st dual	*galdidēdū	*galdidēdīw
2nd dual	*galdidēdudiz	*galdidēdīdiz
1st plural	*galdidēdum	*galdidēdīm
2nd plural	*galdidēdud	*galdidēdīd
3rd plural	*galdidēdun	*galdidēdīn

	present	past
participles	*galdijandz	*galdidaz

Related terms

*gelþō

Descendants

>? Proto-West Germanic: *galtijan
- Old Saxon: *geltian
  - Middle Low German: gelten
- Old Dutch: *gelten
  - Middle Dutch: *gelten
    - Dutch: gelten
- Old High German: *gelzen
  - Middle High German: gelzen
    - German: gelzen
(unclear why West Germanic descendants have a 't')
Old Norse: gelda
- Icelandic: gelda
- Faroese: gelda
- Danish: gilde
- Swedish: gälda, gälla
- → Middle English: gelden
  - English: geld
  - Scots: geld
→ Proto-Samic: *kāltëjëtēk (see there for further descendants)

References

^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*gald(j)a-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 164: “*galdjan-”
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*ʒalđjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 124

[1] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*gald(j)a-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 164: “*galdjan-”

[2] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*ʒalđjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 124

[1]

[2]