Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hafraz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Alternative forms

  • *habraz

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *kápros (“buck, male goat”). Cognate with Latin caper (“goat”).

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈxɑɸ.rɑz/

Noun

*hafraz m

  1. he-goat

Inflection

Declension of *hafraz (masculine a-stem)
singular plural
nominative *hafraz *hafrōz, *hafrōs
vocative *hafr *hafrōz, *hafrōs
accusative *hafrą *hafranz
genitive *hafras, *hafris *hafrǫ̂
dative *hafrai *haframaz
instrumental *hafrō *haframiz

Descendants

  • Proto-West Germanic: *hafr
    • Old English: hæfer
    • Old Saxon: *havar
      • ⇒ Middle Low German: hāverbuk, hāverbok
    • Old High German: *habar
      • Middle High German: *haber
        • ⇒ German: Habergeiß (“folkloric caprine demon”) (dialectal)
  • Proto-Norse: *ᚺᚨᛒᚱᚨᛉ (*habraʀ), ᚺᛡᛒᛟᚱᚢᛗᛦ (hᴀborumʀ /⁠haβᵒrumʀ⁠/) (dative plural) [550–600 CE, Stentoften stone]
  • → Proto-Samic: *hāprēs (see there for further descendants)
  • → Proto-Finnic: *kapris (see there for further descendants)
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