Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/halþijaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *halþaz (“sloping, inclined”) +‎ *-janą.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈxɑl.θi.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*halþijaną^[1]^[2]

to make incline, tilt, incline

Inflection

Conjugation of (weak class 1)
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*halþijō	*halþijaų	—	*halþijai	?
2nd singular	*halþīsi	*halþijais	*halþī	*halþijasai	*halþijaisau
3rd singular	*halþīþi	*halþijai	*halþijaþau	*halþijaþai	*halþijaiþau
1st dual	*halþijōs	*halþijaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*halþijaþiz	*halþijaiþiz	*halþijaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*halþijamaz	*halþijaim	—	*halþijanþai	*halþijainþau
2nd plural	*halþīþ	*halþijaiþ	*halþīþ	*halþijanþai	*halþijainþau
3rd plural	*halþijanþi	*halþijain	*halþijanþau	*halþijanþai	*halþijainþau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*halþidǭ	*halþidēdį̄
2nd singular	*halþidēz	*halþidēdīz
3rd singular	*halþidē	*halþidēdī
1st dual	*halþidēdū	*halþidēdīw
2nd dual	*halþidēdudiz	*halþidēdīdiz
1st plural	*halþidēdum	*halþidēdīm
2nd plural	*halþidēdud	*halþidēdīd
3rd plural	*halþidēdun	*halþidēdīn

	present	past
participles	*halþijandz	*halþidaz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *halþijan
- Old English: hieldan
  - Middle English: helden
    - English: hield
    - English: heel
    - Yola: hyle
- Old Saxon: *heldian
  - Middle Low German: helden, hellen
- Old Dutch: *helden
  - Middle Dutch: helden
    - Dutch: hellen (d reinterpreted as an ending)
- Old High German: helden
  - Middle High German: helden
Old Norse: hella
- Icelandic: hella
- Faroese: hella
- Norwegian Nynorsk: helle
- Norwegian Bokmål: helle
- Swedish: hälla
- → Middle English: hellen
  - English: hell

References

^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*halþa-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 205: “*halþjan- - *haldjan-”
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*xalþjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 157

[1] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*halþa-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 205: “*halþjan- - *haldjan-”

[2] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*xalþjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 157

[1]

[2]