Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hrewwaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Alternative reconstructions

*hrewaną

Etymology

Of uncertain origin.^[1] Appears to trace back to a Proto-Indo-European *krew(H)-, with no secure extra-Germanic cognates.^[2] Theories include connections to Proto-Indo-European *krewh₂- (“blood”),^[1] as well as to *krows- (“to fall, beat, break, bruise”). In the latter case, cognate with Lithuanian krùšti (“to smash, crash, bruise”), Russian круши́ть (krušítʹ, “to destroy”)^[3], Russian сокруша́ться (sokrušátʹsja) (note the same sense evolution, also compare Czech truchlit from Proto-Slavic *truxlъ).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈxrew.wɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*hrewwaną^[2]^[1]

to grieve, to feel sorrow
to cause regret, to rue

Inflection

Conjugation of (strong class 2)
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*hrewwō	*hrewwaų	—	*hrewwai	?
2nd singular	*hriwwizi	*hrewwaiz	*hreww	*hrewwazai	*hrewwaizau
3rd singular	*hriwwidi	*hrewwai	*hrewwadau	*hrewwadai	*hrewwaidau
1st dual	*hrewwōz	*hrewwaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*hrewwadiz	*hrewwaidiz	*hrewwadiz	—	—
1st plural	*hrewwamaz	*hrewwaim	—	*hrewwandai	*hrewwaindau
2nd plural	*hriwwid	*hrewwaid	*hriwwid	*hrewwandai	*hrewwaindau
3rd plural	*hrewwandi	*hrewwain	*hrewwandau	*hrewwandai	*hrewwaindau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*hrau(w)	*hruwį̄
2nd singular	*hrau(w)t	*hruwīz
3rd singular	*hrau(w)	*hruwī
1st dual	*hruwū	*hruwīw
2nd dual	*hruwudiz	*hruwīdiz
1st plural	*hruwum	*hruwīm
2nd plural	*hruwud	*hruwīd
3rd plural	*hruwun	*hruwīn

	present	past
participles	*hrewwandz	*hruwanaz

Related terms

*hriwwiz
*hrewwō
*hrewwōną
*hriwwijaną

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *hreuwan
- Old English: hrēowan
  - Middle English: rewen, reowen, ruwen, ruen, reouwen, rowen, reowe, riewe, rewe
    - English: rue
    - Scots: rew
- Old Frisian: *hriōwa, *hriuwa, *riouwa
  - West Frisian: rouwe
- Old Saxon: hriuwan, hreuwan
  - Middle Low German: ruwen, rouwen
    - Low German: ruwen, rouwen, ruen
- Old Dutch: *riuwan
  - Middle Dutch: rouwen
    - Dutch: rouwen
      - Afrikaans: rou
    - Limburgish: roewe
- Old High German: hriuwan, riuwan
  - Middle High German: riuwen
    - Alemannic German: rüüwe
    - German: reuen
Old Norse: hryggva, (younger hryggja)
- Icelandic: hryggja
- Faroese: ryggja
- Norwegian Nynorsk: ryggja

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Vladimir Orel (2003) “*xrewwanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 186-7
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*hrewan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 246-7
^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “3. kreu-, krou-s-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 622-3

[HGE-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Vladimir Orel (2003) “*xrewwanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 186-7

[EDPG-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*hrewan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 246-7

[3] Pokorny, Julius (1959) “3. kreu-, krou-s-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 622-3

[1]

[2]

[3]