Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/hreuwan

This Proto-West Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-West Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *hrewwaną.

Verb

*hreuwan^[1]

to cause pain, regret

Inflection

Strong class 2
Infinitive	*hreuwan
1st sg. past	*hrauw
3rd pl. past	*hruwun
Past ptcple	*hrowan
Infinitive	*hreuwan
Genitive infin.	*hreuwannjas
Dative infin.	*hreuwannjē
Instrum. infin.	*hreuwannju
Indicative	Present	Past
1st singular	*hreuwu	*hrauw
2nd singular	*hriuwiʀi	*hruwī
3rd singular	*hriuwidi	*hrauw
1st plural	*hreuwum	*hruwum
2nd plural	*hriuwid	*hruwud
3rd plural	*hreuwand	*hruwun
Subjunctive	Present	Past
1st singular	*hreuwē	*hruwī
2nd singular	*hreuwēs	*hruwī
3rd singular	*hreuwē	*hruwī
1st plural	*hreuwēm	*hruwīm
2nd plural	*hreuwēþ	*hruwīd
3rd plural	*hreuwēn	*hruwīn
Imperative	Present
Singular	*hriuw
Plural	*hriuwid
	Present	Past
Participle	*hreuwandī	*hrowan

Derived terms

*hriuwisōn

Descendants

Old English: hrēowan
- Middle English: rewen, reowen, ruwen, ruen, reouwen, rowen, reowe, riewe, rewe
  - English: rue
  - Scots: rew
Old Frisian: *hriōwa, *hriuwa, *riouwa
- West Frisian: rouwe
Old Saxon: hriuwan, hreuwan
- Middle Low German: ruwen, rouwen
  - Low German: ruwen, rouwen, ruen
Old Dutch: *riuwan
- Middle Dutch: rouwen
  - Dutch: rouwen
    - Afrikaans: rou
  - Limburgish: roewe
Old High German: hriuwan, riuwan
- Middle High German: riuwen
  - Alemannic German: rüüwe
  - German: reuen

References

^ Ringe, Donald, Taylor, Ann (2014) The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English; 2), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 130: “PWGmc *hreuwan”

[1] Ringe, Donald, Taylor, Ann (2014) The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English; 2), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 130: “PWGmc *hreuwan”

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