Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hwelbaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Alternative reconstructions

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷelp- (“to bend”), with -b- instead of -f- due to influence from either the adjective or causative.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈxʷel.βɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*hwelbaną[2]

  1. to curve, vault

Inflection

Conjugation of (strong class 3)
active voice passive voice
present tense indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
1st singular *hwelbō *hwelbaų — *hwelbai ?
2nd singular *hwilbizi *hwelbaiz *hwelb *hwelbazai *hwelbaizau
3rd singular *hwilbidi *hwelbai *hwelbadau *hwelbadai *hwelbaidau
1st dual *hwelbōz *hwelbaiw — — —
2nd dual *hwelbadiz *hwelbaidiz *hwelbadiz — —
1st plural *hwelbamaz *hwelbaim — *hwelbandai *hwelbaindau
2nd plural *hwilbid *hwelbaid *hwilbid *hwelbandai *hwelbaindau
3rd plural *hwelbandi *hwelbain *hwelbandau *hwelbandai *hwelbaindau
past tense indicative subjunctive
1st singular *hwalb *hulbį̄
2nd singular *hwalft *hulbīz
3rd singular *hwalb *hulbī
1st dual *hulbū *hulbīw
2nd dual *hulbudiz *hulbīdiz
1st plural *hulbum *hulbīm
2nd plural *hulbud *hulbīd
3rd plural *hulbun *hulbīn
present past
participles *hwelbandz *hulbanaz

Derived terms

Descendants

Due to the effects of umlaut, present-tense descendants of this verb are often indistinguishable from those of the weak causative *hwalbijaną. This is probably what led to the strong verb's disappearance as well.

  • Old Dutch: *welvan
  • Old High German: *welban
    • Middle High German: *welben (only the past singular walb is attested)
  • Old Norse: *hvelfa (only the past participle holfinn is attested)

References

  1. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*hwelfan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 265
  2. ^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*xwelbanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 200
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