Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/līhwaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *léykʷt, from *leykʷ- (“to leave behind”).^[1]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈliː.xʷɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*līhwaną^[1]^[2]

to lend

Inflection

Note: Voiced Verner alternant gw becomes w, but g next to u.

Conjugation of (strong class 1)
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*līhwō	*līhwaų	—	*līhwai	?
2nd singular	*līhwizi	*līhwaiz	*līhw	*līhwazai	*līhwaizau
3rd singular	*līhwidi	*līhwai	*līhwadau	*līhwadai	*līhwaidau
1st dual	*līhwōz	*līhwaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*līhwadiz	*līhwaidiz	*līhwadiz	—	—
1st plural	*līhwamaz	*līhwaim	—	*līhwandai	*līhwaindau
2nd plural	*līhwid	*līhwaid	*līhwid	*līhwandai	*līhwaindau
3rd plural	*līhwandi	*līhwain	*līhwandau	*līhwandai	*līhwaindau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*laihw	*liwį̄
2nd singular	*laiht	*liwīz
3rd singular	*laihw	*liwī
1st dual	*ligū	*liwīw
2nd dual	*ligudiz	*liwīdiz
1st plural	*ligum	*liwīm
2nd plural	*ligud	*liwīd
3rd plural	*ligun	*liwīn

	present	past
participles	*līhwandz	*liwanaz

Related terms

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *līhwan
- Old English: lēon
- Old Frisian: līa
- Old Saxon: līhan
- Old Dutch: līan
  - Middle Dutch: liën
- Old High German: līhan
  - Middle High German: līhen
    - German: leihen
    - Yiddish: לײַען (layen)
Old Norse: léa, ljá
- Icelandic: ljá
- Faroese: líggja
- Old Swedish: lǣa
Gothic: 𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍈𐌰𐌽 (leiƕan)
- → Proto-Slavic: *lixva (via a noun *𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍈𐌰 (*leiƕa))
  - Old Church Slavonic: лихва (lixva)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*līhwan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 336
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*līxwanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 247

[EDPG-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*līhwan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 336

[2] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*līxwanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 247

[1]

[2]