Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/sairaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *seh₂i-ro-, a derivative of *seh₂y- (“to be fierce, afflict”); compare Hittite [script needed] (sāwar, “anger”), Old Irish saeth (“pain”), Welsh hoed (“pain”), Latin saevus (“fierce”), Latvian sievs (“sharp, biting”).^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4] Solmsen also connects Ancient Greek αἱμωδία (haimōdía, “sensation of having teeth on edge”) to the Proto-Germanic word as well.^[5]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈsɑi̯.rɑz/

Adjective

*sairaz

sore, painful

Inflection

Declension of *sairaz (a-stem)
Strong declension
	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*sairaz	*sairō	*sairą, -atō	*sairai	*sairôz	*sairō
accusative	*sairanǭ	*sairǭ	*sairą, -atō	*sairanz	*sairōz	*sairō
genitive	*sairas, -is	*sairaizōz	*sairas, -is	*sairaizǫ̂	*sairaizǫ̂	*sairaizǫ̂
dative	*sairammai	*sairaizōi	*sairammai	*sairaimaz	*sairaimaz	*sairaimaz
instrumental	*sairanō	*sairaizō	*sairanō	*sairaimiz	*sairaimiz	*sairaimiz

Weak declension
	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*sairô	*sairǭ	*sairô	*sairaniz	*sairōniz	*sairōnō
accusative	*sairanų	*sairōnų	*sairô	*sairanunz	*sairōnunz	*sairōnō
genitive	*sairiniz	*sairōniz	*sairiniz	*sairanǫ̂	*sairōnǫ̂	*sairanǫ̂
dative	*sairini	*sairōni	*sairini	*sairammaz	*sairōmaz	*sairammaz
instrumental	*sairinē	*sairōnē	*sairinē	*sairammiz	*sairōmiz	*sairammiz

Derived terms

*sairijaną

Related terms

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *sair
- Old English: sār
  - Middle English: sore, sar, sor
    - Scots: sare, sair
    - English: sore
- Old Frisian: *sēr, *sār
  - Saterland Frisian: seer
  - West Frisian: sear
- Old Saxon: *sēr
  - Middle Low German: sēr
    - Low German: sehr
- Old Dutch: *sēr
  - Middle Dutch: sêer
    - Dutch: zeer
      - Afrikaans: seer
- Old High German: sēr
  - Middle High German: sēr
    - Alemannic German: seer
    - German: sehr
    - Luxembourgish: séier
    - Yiddish: זייער (zeyer)
Old Norse: sárr
- Icelandic: sár
- Faroese: sárur
- Norn: sår
- Norwegian: sår
- Old Swedish: sār
  - Swedish: sår
- Old Danish: sār, saar
  - Danish: sår
- Old Gutnish: sar
  - Gutnish: sarur, sårur
→ Proto-Finnic: *sairas
- Finnish: sairas
  - → Karelian: šairas
  - → Votic: sairõz

References

^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*sairaz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 313
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “saevus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 534
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “saytu-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 325
^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 799
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “αἱμωδέω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 39

[1] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*sairaz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 313

[2] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “saevus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 534

[3] Matasović, Ranko (2009) “saytu-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 325

[4] Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 799

[5] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “αἱμωδέω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 39

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