Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/tugōną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *dewk- (“to pull, lead”). Either a variant of *tukkōną^[1] or from *tugiz (“a drawing, tug, pull”) +‎ *-ōną.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈtu.ɣɔː.nɑ̃/

Verb

*tugōną

to pull, tow

Inflection

Conjugation of (weak class 2)
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*tugō	*tugǭ	—	*tugōi	?
2nd singular	*tugōsi	*tugōs	*tugō	*tugōsai	*tugōsau
3rd singular	*tugōþi	*tugō	*tugōþau	*tugōþai	*tugōþau
1st dual	*tugōs	*tugōw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*tugōþiz	*tugōþiz	*tugōþiz	—	—
1st plural	*tugōmaz	*tugōm	—	*tugōnþai	*tugōnþau
2nd plural	*tugōþ	*tugōþ	*tugōþ	*tugōnþai	*tugōnþau
3rd plural	*tugōnþi	*tugōn	*tugōnþau	*tugōnþai	*tugōnþau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*tugōdǭ	*tugōdēdį̄
2nd singular	*tugōdēz	*tugōdēdīz
3rd singular	*tugōdē	*tugōdēdī
1st dual	*tugōdēdū	*tugōdēdīw
2nd dual	*tugōdēdudiz	*tugōdēdīdiz
1st plural	*tugōdēdum	*tugōdēdīm
2nd plural	*tugōdēdud	*tugōdēdīd
3rd plural	*tugōdēdun	*tugōdēdīn

	present	past
participles	*tugōndz	*tugōdaz

Related terms

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *togōn
- Old English: togian
  - Middle English: toȝen, towen
    - English: tow
    - Scots: tow, toll, togh
  - Middle English: tuggen, toggen (alternatively from Old Norse toga)
    - English: tug
    - Scots: tug
    - ⇒ Yola: thugerleen
- Old Frisian: togia
  - Saterland Frisian: toogje
  - West Frisian: tôgje, toaie
- Old Saxon: *togōn
  - Middle Low German: tōgen, tȫgen, tāgen, tēgen
    - ⇒ German Low German: tagen (past participle)
    - ⇒ Middle Low German: togeren, tȫgeren
      - German Low German: tögern
- Old Dutch: *togon
  - Middle Dutch: tōgen
    - Dutch: togen, teugen (archaic or obsolete)
      - ⇒ Dutch: ademtogen
      - ⇒ Dutch: zieltogen
- Old High German: zogōn
  - Middle High German: zogen, schogen
    - German: zogen (archaic or obsolete)
    - ⇒ Middle High German: zogeren
      - German: zögern
- → Old French: touer
  - Middle French: touer
    - French: touer
Old Norse: toga
- Icelandic: toga
- Faroese: toga

References

^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*tukk/gōn-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 525

[1] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*tukk/gōn-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 525

[1]