Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/twīflijaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *twīflaz (“doubt”) +‎ *-janą.

Pronunciation

IPA(key): /ˈtwiː.ɸli.ja.nɑ̃/

Verb

*twīflijaną[1]

  1. to cause doubt

Inflection

Conjugation of (weak class 1)
active voice passive voice
present tense indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
1st singular *twīflijō *twīflijaų — *twīflijai ?
2nd singular *twīflīsi *twīflijais *twīflī *twīflijasai *twīflijaisau
3rd singular *twīflīþi *twīflijai *twīflijaþau *twīflijaþai *twīflijaiþau
1st dual *twīflijōs *twīflijaiw — — —
2nd dual *twīflijaþiz *twīflijaiþiz *twīflijaþiz — —
1st plural *twīflijamaz *twīflijaim — *twīflijanþai *twīflijainþau
2nd plural *twīflīþ *twīflijaiþ *twīflīþ *twīflijanþai *twīflijainþau
3rd plural *twīflijanþi *twīflijain *twīflijanþau *twīflijanþai *twīflijainþau
past tense indicative subjunctive
1st singular *twīflidǭ *twīflidēdį̄
2nd singular *twīflidēz *twīflidēdīz
3rd singular *twīflidē *twīflidēdī
1st dual *twīflidēdū *twīflidēdīw
2nd dual *twīflidēdudiz *twīflidēdīdiz
1st plural *twīflidēdum *twīflidēdīm
2nd plural *twīflidēdud *twīflidēdīd
3rd plural *twīflidēdun *twīflidēdīn
present past
participles *twīflijandz *twīflidaz

Descendants

  • Proto-West Germanic: *twīflijan
    • Old Saxon: twīflian
    • Old Dutch: twīvalen
    • Old High German: zwīfalen, zwīvalen
  • Gothic: 𐍄𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍆𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽 (tweifljan)

References

  1. ^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*twīflijanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 414
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