Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/uhnaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Alternative reconstructions

*ugnaz (North Germanic)
*ufnaz (North Germanic, West Germanic)

Etymology

Ascribed to a Proto-Indo-European root *h₂uk-, *h₂ewk- (“a closed container or vessel for cooking; cookpot; oven”) or similar by equation with Sanskrit उखा (ukhā), Albanian anë, Ancient Greek ἰπνός (ipnós), Latin ōlla. It is unclear whether the byform *ufnaz (Proto-West Germanic *ofn) is the same word, or represents a different word altogether. More at *aflaz.

Kroonen suggests that the word is a Wanderwort from a pre-IE substrate language, adducing Hittite 𒄩𒀊𒁉𒈾𒀸 (ḫa-ap-pé-na-aš /⁠ḫapːenas⁠/, “baking kiln, fire-pit, broiler (oven)”), Old Prussian wumpnis (“oven”) as additional cognates.^[1] Native terms for ovens and stoves are not taken for granted: the East Slavic term плита́ (plitá, “stove”) appears from Ancient Greek in the Middle Ages, against the earlier new formation печь (pečʹ, “oven”), and Arabic, in a warmer climate, seems to have many but no native terms: أَتُّون (ʔattūn), تَنُّور (tannūr), فُرْن (furn), قَمِين (qamīn).

Noun

*uhnaz m^[1]

oven; furnace

Inflection

Declension of *uhnaz (masculine a-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*uhnaz	uhnōz, uhnōs
vocative	*uhn	uhnōz, uhnōs
accusative	*uhną	*uhnanz
genitive	uhnas, uhnis	*uhnǫ̂
dative	*uhnai	*uhnamaz
instrumental	*uhnō	*uhnamiz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *ofn
- Old English: ofn, ofen
  - Middle English: oven
    - Scots: ovin, uven, une
    - English: oven
- Old Frisian: oven
  - North Frisian: oven, ouvn
  - Saterland Frisian: Ougend (< *ogn ?)
  - West Frisian: ûne, ûn
- Old Saxon: *ovan
  - Middle Low German: ōven
    - German Low German: Aven
- Old Dutch: *ovan
  - Middle Dutch: ōven
    - Dutch: oven
      - Afrikaans: oond
      - Negerhollands: oven
      - → Caribbean Javanese: ofen
      - → Indonesian: oven
      - → Sranan Tongo: onfu
        → Saramaccan: ónfu
    - Limburgish: aove
    - West Flemish: oven
    - Zealandic: oven
- Old High German: ofan, ovan
  - Middle High German: oven, ofen
    - Central Franconian: Ovve, Owe, Oawe, Uawe (Moselle Franconian)
      - Hunsrik: Ove
      - Luxembourgish: Uewen
      - Transylvanian Saxon: Owen, Îewen
    - German: Ofen
    - Vilamovian: uwa
    - Yiddish: אויוון (oyvn)
Old Norse: ofn, omn; *ogn
- Icelandic: ofn
- Faroese: ovnur
- Old Norwegian: ovn; ogn
  - Norwegian Nynorsk: omn
  - Norwegian: (dialectal) ogn, obn, ovn (South Western Norway); obm, om, ømn, umn
- Old Swedish: oghn, ughn
  - Swedish: ugn
  - → Finnish: uuni
- Old Danish: ofn; ouæn
  - Danish: ovn
    - Norwegian Bokmål: ovn
Gothic: 𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌽𐍃 (auhns)
→ Proto-Finnic: *uunas (see there for further descendants)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*ufna-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 557-8

[EDPG-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*ufna-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 557-8

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