Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/wiljakwemô

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *wiljaną (“to want”) +‎ *kwemaną (“to come”). Literally "desired comer" (or "desired come!").

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈwil.jɑ.ˌkʷe.mɔːː/

Noun

*wiljakwemô

A wished-for guest or arrival.

Inflection

Declension of *wiljakwemô (masculine an-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*wiljakwemô	*wiljakwemaniz
vocative	*wiljakwemô	*wiljakwemaniz
accusative	*wiljakwemanų	*wiljakwemanunz
genitive	*wiljakwiminiz	*wiljakwemanǫ̂
dative	*wiljakwimini	*wiljakwemammaz
instrumental	*wiljakwiminē	*wiljakwemammiz

Interjection

*wiljakwemô

welcome!

Descendants

The first part of this compound was frequently confused with the descendants of *wela (“well”) following the loss of medial -ja-.

Proto-West Germanic: *willjakwemō
- Old English: wilcuma, wilcume
  - Middle English: welcome, wolcume, wulcume, wilcume
    - Scots: walcome
    - English: welcome
      - → Tok Pisin: welkam
      - → Pitcairn-Norfolk: welkam
  - ⇒ Old English: wilcumian, wylcumian, wellcumian (verb)
    - Middle English: wilcumen, wolcumen, welcomen
      - English: welcome
      - Scots: welcum, welcom, wellcom, willcom
    - ⇒ Old English: ġewilcumian
- Old Frisian: *wilkuma
  - Saterland Frisian: wilkemen, wülkemen, wäilkúmen
  - West Frisian: wolkom
- Old Saxon: *willikumo
  - Middle Low German: willekome, wilkome, willekom
    - ⇒ Middle Low German: willekomen, willekōmen (verb)
      - ⇒ Middle Low German: willekōmen, wolkōmen (past participle, adjective)
        German Low German: willkomen
        → Old Norse: velkominn (adjective)
        Icelandic: velkominn
        Faroese: vælkomin
        Norwegian:
        Norwegian Bokmål: velkommen
        Norwegian Nynorsk: velkomen, velkommen
        Old Swedish: vælkomin
        Swedish: välkommen
        Old Danish: wælkomæn
        Danish: velkommen
- Old Dutch: *willikumo
  - Middle Dutch: willecome, wellecome, welcome
    - Dutch: welkom
      - Afrikaans: welkom
    - Limburgish: welkom, wilkóm
    - → Old French: willecome, willecomme, wilecome
      - Middle French: willecomme (adjective, interjection)
      - ⇒ Old French: willecomer, wilecomer (verb)
        Middle French: welcumer, welcomer, welcomier (verb)
- Old High German: willikwemo, williquemo, willikomo, willechomen
  - Middle High German: willekomen
    - Alemannic German: wéllkòmm, wol chomne, wolgcheemen, woul chemne
    - Cimbrian: bóolkhèmm
    - German: willkommen
    - Luxembourgish: wëllkëmm
- → Vulgar Latin: *bene venītus, *bene venūtus (calque) (see there for further descendants)