Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂éd

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

    Alternative reconstructions

    Adverb

    *h₂éd[5][6]

    1. to, at

    Alternative forms

    • *h₂ed- (combining)
    • (at least Indo-Iranian) *h₂éh₁ (glottalic debuccalization)[7]

    Descendants

    • Proto-Celtic: *ad-
    • Proto-Germanic: *at, *at- (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HáH, *HaH- (< *h₂éh₁-[7])
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HáH, *HaH-
        • Sanskrit: आ (ā́)
      • Proto-Iranian: *HáH, *HaH- > *ā, *ā-
    • Proto-Italic: *ad, *ad-
      • Latin: ad, ad-, (ap)ud (see there for further descendants)
      • Oscan: 𐌀𐌆 (az)
    • Phrygian: αδ (ad), αδ- (ad-)

    Derived terms

    • *(a)d-sḱ-[8]
      • (perhaps) Armenian:
        • Old Armenian: ց- (cʻ-)

    References

    1. ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
    2. ^ Dunkel, George E. (2014) Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, pages 8-18
    3. ^ Byrd, Andrew Miles (2015) The Indo-European Syllable (Brill's Studies in Indo-European Languages & Linguistics; 15), Leiden: Brill, page 259
    4. ^ Kölligan, Daniel (2017–2018) “Chapter XX: Proto-Indo-European”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The lexicon of Proto-Indo-European, page 2258
    5. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*at”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 39
    6. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “ad”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 24
    7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Garnier, Romain (2014) “Nouvelles réflexions sur l’effet-Kortlandt”, in Glotta‎[3] (in French), volume 90, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, pages 140-160
    8. ^ Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1979) “ց”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, volume IV, Yerevan: University Press, page 446a

    Further reading

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