Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/wídḱm̥ti

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From earlier *dwidḱómt, with loss of initial *d- (or perhaps, as suggested by Hellenic, dissimilation to *h₁-), from *dwi- (“two”) +‎ *déḱm̥ (“ten”). The change from *-widḱómt- to *-widḱm̥t- may have been in analogy to *déḱm̥ (“ten”).

Numeral

**Proto-Indo-European cardinal numbers**
< 10	20	30 >
Cardinal : wídḱm̥ti Ordinal* : *widḱm̥tós^[1]

*wídḱm̥ti^[2]

twenty

Alternative reconstructions

*wī́ḱm̥tih₁^[3]
*dwídḱm̥ti^[4]
*wi(h₁)dḱm̥t^[5]
*h₁wi(h₁)ḱm̥tih₁^[6]

Reconstruction notes

In the glottalic model, both occurrences of *d in this word were eventually dissimilated to *h₁, the anterior accounting for Ancient Greek ε- (e-) and the posterior resulting in a long *ī vowel in most branches. The short *i in Celtic may be evidence that the loss of the second *d occurred at a late, post-PIE stage and was independent in different branches.^[7] Other authors (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?) have assumed *wíd- > *wī́- with simple compensatory lengthening.

Descendants

Proto-Albanian: *w(ī)džatī
- Albanian: -zet
Proto-Armenian:
- Old Armenian: քսան (kʻsan)
  - Armenian: քսան (kʻsan)
^? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dwideśimt (remodeled by analogy with *duwō + *déśimt) (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Celtic: *wikantī (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Hellenic: *ewīkəti
- Ancient Greek: εἴκοσι (eíkosi), ἐείκοσῐ (eeíkosĭ), ἐείκοσῐν (eeíkosĭn) — Epic, εἴκοσ’ (eíkos’) — apocopic, ϝίκᾰτῐ (wíkătĭ) — Doric, ϝείκᾰτῐ, ϝίκᾰτῐ, βείκᾰτῐ (weíkătĭ, wíkătĭ, beíkătĭ) — Laconian
  - Greek: είκοσι (eíkosi)
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HwiHćati (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Italic: *wīkentī
- Latin: vīgintī (with analogical voicing of *k to /ɡ/) (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Tocharian: *w'īkän
- Tocharian A: wiki
- Tocharian B: ikäṃ
- Tocharian B: ikante

References

^ Fortson, Benjamin W. (2004, 2010) Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, Oxford: Blackwell
^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 418
^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 205
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2011) Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction, 2nd edition, revised and corrected by Michiel de Vaan, Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, page 238
^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “ikante”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 66
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “vīgintī”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 678
^ Kortlandt, Frederik (1983) “Greek numerals and PIE glottalic consonants”, in Münchener Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft [Munich Studies in Linguistics], volume 42, Munich: R. Kitzinger, →DOI, pages 97–104

[Fortson_p132-1] Fortson, Benjamin W. (2004, 2010) Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, Oxford: Blackwell

[2] Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 418

[3] Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 205

[4] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2011) Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction, 2nd edition, revised and corrected by Michiel de Vaan, Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, page 238

[5] Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “ikante”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 66

[6] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “vīgintī”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 678

[7] Kortlandt, Frederik (1983) “Greek numerals and PIE glottalic consonants”, in Münchener Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft [Munich Studies in Linguistics], volume 42, Munich: R. Kitzinger, →DOI, pages 97–104

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