Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/támHsram

This Proto-Indo-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-Iranian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *témH-(e)s-ros (“darkness”), from *temH- (“to be dark”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *þimstraz.

Noun

*támHsram n

darkness; dark night

Inflection

neuter a-stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*támHsram	*támHsray	*támHsraH
vocative	*támHsram	*támHsray	*támHsraH
accusative	*támHsram	*támHsray	*támHsraH
instrumental	*támHsraH	*támHsraybʰyā(m)	*támHsrāyš
ablative	*támHsrāt	*támHsraybʰyā(m)	*támHsraybʰyas
dative	*támHsrāy	*támHsraybʰyā(m)	*támHsraybʰyas
genitive	*támHsrasya	*támHsrayās	*támHsrānaHam
locative	*támHsray	*támHsrayaw	*támHsrayšu

Descendants

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *támHsram, *támHsraH f
- Sanskrit: तमिस्र (támisra, “darkness”), तमिस्रा f (támisrā, “dark night”)
Proto-Iranian: *támHsram
- Avestan: 𐬙𐬄𐬚𐬭𐬀 (tąθra, “darkness”)
- Khotanese: ttāra (“dark”, adjective)
- Middle Persian: [script needed] (tār), [script needed] (tārīk, “dark”, adjective)
  - Persian: تار (târ), تاریک (târik, “dark”, adjective)
- Ossetian: тар (tar, “dark; darkness”)
- Pashto: تور (tor, “black”)