Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/dušmánāh

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

    From Proto-Indo-Iranian *dušmánās, from Proto-Indo-European *dusmenēs. Equivalent to *duš- (“bad”) +‎ *mánah (“mind, thought”). Cognate with Sanskrit दुर्मनस् (durmanas, “sad, melancholy”).

    Adjective

    *dušmánāh ~ dušmánahah[1]

    1. ill-dispositioned, hostile
    2. (substantive) enemy

    Descendants

    • Central Iranian
      • Avestan: 𐬛𐬎𐬱𐬨𐬀𐬥𐬀𐬵 (dušmanah)
    • Northestern Iranian:
      • Bactrian: λρουμινο (lroumino), δρουμινο (droumino)
    • Northwestern Iranian:
      • Baluchi: دژمن (dužman)
      • Kurdish:
        Central Kurdish: دژمن (djimin)
        Northern Kurdish: dijmin, dujmin
        Southern Kurdish: دژمن (djimin), دژمەن (dijmen)
      • Proto-Medo-Parthian:
        • Old Tati:
          Old Azari: دشمن (dišman)
          • Harzani: dešmūn
        • Proto-Zaza-Gorani:
          • Gurani: دژمەن (dižman), دژمەنە (dižamana)
          • Zazaki: dişmin (dišmin), dışmin (dešmin)
    • Southwestern Iranian:
      • Middle Persian: (/⁠dušman, dušmen⁠/)
        Manichaean script: 𐫅𐫇𐫢𐫖𐫏𐫗 (dwšmyn), 𐫅𐫇𐫢𐫖𐫗 (dwšmn)
        Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (dwšmn')
        Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭣𐭥𐭱𐭬𐭭𐭩 (dʿšmny)
        Psalter Pahlavi script: 𐮐𐮀𐮌𐮇 (ŠANH)
        • → Parthian: (/⁠dušmen, dušman⁠/)
          Manichaean script: 𐫅𐫇𐫢𐫖𐫏𐫗 (dwšmyn), 𐫅𐫇𐫢𐫖𐫗 (dwšmn)
          • → Old Armenian: *թշման (*tʻšman)
        • Lurish
          Northern Luri: دشمه (došme)
          Bakhtiari: دشمن (došmen)
        • Classical Persian: دشمن (dušman) (see there for further descendants)
          Dari: دشمن (dušman)
          Iranian Persian: دشمن (došman)
          Tajik: душман (dušman)

    References

    1. ^ Rastorgujeva, V. S., Edelʹman, D. I. (2000) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), volume 1, Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, page 416
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