Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/xšáfnyah

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

    From *xšápā ~ *xšáfnah (“night”) +‎ *-yah.[1]

    Noun

    *xšáfnyah

    1. evening
    2. evening meal, supper

    Inflection

    masculine a-stem
    singular dual plural
    nominative *xšáfnyah *xšáfnyā(w) *xšáfnyāh(ah)
    vocative *xšáfnya *xšáfnyā(w) *xšáfnyāh(ah)
    accusative *xšáfnyam *xšáfnyā(w) *xšáfnyānh
    instrumental *xšáfnyaH *xšáfnyaybʰyā(m) *xšáfnyāyš
    ablative *xšáfnyāt *xšáfnyaybʰyā(m) *xšáfnyaybʰyah
    dative *xšáfnyāy *xšáfnyaybʰyā(m) *xšáfnyaybʰyah
    genitive *xšáfnyahya *xšáfnyayāh *xšáfnyānaHam
    locative *xšáfnyay *xšáfnyayaw *xšáfnyayšu

    Descendants

    • Central Iranian:
      • Avestan: 𐬑𐬱𐬀𐬟𐬥𐬌𐬌𐬀 (xšafniia)
    • Northeastern Iranian:
      • Sogdian:
        Manichaean script: 𐫟𐫢𐫀𐫖 (xšʾm)
        Syriac script: [Syriac needed] (xšʾm)
        Sogdian script: 𐼰𐼲𐽁𐼰𐼺 (ʾɣšʾm)
    • Southeastern Iranian:
      • Pashto: شومه (šúma)
      • Proto-Sanglechi-Ishkashimi:
        • Ishkashimi: [script needed] (feršun)
    • Northwestern Iranian:
      • Gilaki: [script needed] (šåm)
      • Kurdish:
        Central Kurdish: شێو (şêw)
        Northern Kurdish: şêv, şîv
      • Mazanderani: [script needed] (ašun, “night before last”)
    • Southwestern Iranian:
      • Bashkardi:
        • Minabi: [script needed] (šohm)
      • Old Persian: *xšāfnyah[2]
        • Middle Persian:
          Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (šʾm /⁠šām⁠/)
    • → Old Georgian: *ვახშამი (*vaxšami)
      • Georgian: ვახშამი (vaxšami, “supper”)
        • → Svan: უ̂ახშამ (ûaxšam)
      • ⇒ Old Georgian: ვახშმობა (vaxšmoba, “to have supper”)

    References

    1. ^ de Vaan, Michiel (2003) Beekes, R.S.P., Lubotsky, A., Weitenberg, J.J.S., editors, The Avestan Vowels (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 12), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 70
    2. ^ Rezai Baghbidi, Hassan (2017) Middle Persian Historical Phonology, Osaka: Osaka University, page 59: “OP *xšāfnya-”
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