Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/gʷrāt(i)s

This Proto-Italic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Italic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷerH- (“to praise”), suffixed with either *-tis, *-ts, or both as separate formations. A related formation with the past passive participle suffix also exists in Italic as *gʷrātos.

Noun

*gʷrāt(i)s f

grace, mercy, favour from a higher authority

Declension

As a consonant stem:

Declension of *gʷrāt(i)s (consonant stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*gʷrāts	*gʷrātes
vocative	*gʷrāts	*gʷrātes
accusative	*gʷrātem	*gʷrātens
genitive	*gʷrātes, gʷrātos	*gʷrātom
dative	*gʷrātei	*gʷrātβos
ablative	*gʷrāti? gʷrāte?	*gʷrātβos
locative	*gʷrāti? gʷrāte?	*gʷrātβos

As an i-stem:

Declension of *gʷrāt(i)s (i-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*gʷrātis	*gʷrātēs
vocative	*gʷrātis	*gʷrātēs
accusative	*gʷrātim	*gʷrātins
genitive	*gʷrāteis	*gʷrātjom
dative	*gʷrātei	*gʷrātiβos
ablative	*gʷrātīd	*gʷrātiβos
locative	*gʷrātei	*gʷrātiβos

Reconstruction notes

Two conflicting forms make connecting Latin grātēs and its Sabellic relatives difficult:

Latin grātēs has genitive grātium, indicative of an i-stem declension. But Rix contends that consonant-stem inflection was ancestral to the Latin forms, due to the lack of evidence that an accusative grātīs ever existed.
Sabellic consistently attests -om in the accusative singular, implying consonant-stem or o-stem inflection.

How to resolve this discrepancy varies wildly by source.^[1]

Untermann and Rix prefer reconstructing original *gʷrāts.
Many others prefer original *gʷrātis.
De Vaan reconstructs separate formations: an i-stem for Latin, and a consonant-stem for Sabellic.^[2]

Descendants

Latin: grātēs pl (see there for further descendants)
Sabellic:
- Oscan: 𐌁𐌓𐌀𐌕𐌄𐌝𐌔 (brateís), βρατηις (bratēis), brateis (gen. sg.), βρατωμ (bratōm, acc. sg.)
- Paelignian: brat., brais (abbreviated gen. sg. forms), bratom (acc. sg.)
- Vestinian: brat.

References

^ Untermann, Jürgen (2000) “O.p.vs. brateis”, in Wörterbuch des Oskisch-Umbrischen [Dictionary of Oscan-Umbrian] (Handbuch der italischen Dialekte; 3), Heidelberg: Winter, →ISBN, pages 149-151
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “grātus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 271

[1] Untermann, Jürgen (2000) “O.p.vs. brateis”, in Wörterbuch des Oskisch-Umbrischen [Dictionary of Oscan-Umbrian] (Handbuch der italischen Dialekte; 3), Heidelberg: Winter, →ISBN, pages 149-151

[2] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “grātus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 271

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