Reconstruction:Proto-Malayo-Polynesian/quma

This Proto-Malayo-Polynesian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Malayo-Polynesian

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Austronesian *qumah (“swidden”).

Noun

*quma

  1. farm

Descendants

  • Philippine
    • Northern Luzon
      • Ilocano: umá (“tract of land cleared for cultivation”)
      • Cagayan Valley
        • Isnag: umá (“to clear a patch of ground, preparing it for a rice field”)
        • Itawit: umá (“clearing”)
      • Meso-Cordilleran
        • Central Cordilleran
          • Bontoc-Kankanaey
            • Central Bontoc: óma (“swidden; a field in an area away from the village formed by cutting and burning the vegetation”)
            • Kankanaey: umá (“field; patch; plot; piece of ground planted with camotes, beans, etc.”)
          • Ifugao
            • Batad Ifugao: ūma (“upland field; swidden, using a slash-and-burn agricultural technique”)
            • Tuwali Ifugao: uma (“a cleared uncultivated or forested area; swidden”)
        • Southern Cordilleran
          • Karao: oma (“mountainside garden”)
          • Keley-I Kallahan: uma (“a cleared, uncultivated or forested area”)
      • Northeastern Luzon
        • Casiguran Dumagat Agta: umá (“swidden; field; farm; plantation; homestead”)
    • Greater Central Philippine
      • Central Philippine
        • Bikol Central: umá (“farm; field”)
        • Bisayan
          • Cebuano: uma (“farm”)
          • Asi: umá (“farm”)
          • Central Bisayan
            • Romblomanon: 'uma (“upland field”)
            • Masbatenyo: uma (“farm; cultivated field”)
            • Waray-Waray: umá (“agriculture; clearing; country; farm; field; grange; homestead; spot”)
          • West Bisayan
            • Aklanon: umá (“farm”)
          • South Bisayan
            • Tausug: uma (“a cultivated field or farm; rice field”)
      • Manobo
        • Agusan Manobo: u'ma (“farm; field”)
      • Danao
        • Maranao: oma (“farm; field; meadow”)
      • Palawanic
        • Brooke's Point Palawano: uma (“garden, field for growing crops, primarily rice crops”)
        • Central Palawano: uma (“field; swidden; garden; slash-and-burn field”)
        • Aborlan Tagbanwa: uma (“upland rice or corn field”)
    • Kalamian
      • Calamian Tagbanwa: kuma (“swidden”)
      • Agutaynen: koma (“farm; fields, specifically rice fields”)
    • Minahasan
      • Tontemboan: uma (“garden; swidden; dry rice field”)
      • Tonsea: uma (“farm, field”)
      • Tondano: uma (“farm, field”)
  • North Bornean
    • Northeast Sabahan
      • Bonggi: uma (“dry rice field”)
      • Ida'an: umo (“dry rice field”)
    • Southwest Sabahan
      • Dusunic
        • Central Dusun: tumo (“farm”)
        • Coastal Kadazan: tumo (“farm; hill rice field”)
        • Momogun
          • Rungus: umo (“hill rice field”)
          • Kimaragang: tumo (“dry rice field”)
    • North Sarawakan
      • Berawan–Lower Baram
        • Narom: umah (“grass”)
        • Kiput: uməh (“grass”)
      • Kenyah
        • Bakung: uma (“rice field; swidden”)
    • Central Sarawakan
      • Central Melanau: uma (“cultivated field”)
      • Seru: umoh (“swidden”)
  • Land Dayak
    • Benyadu–Bekati
      • Benyadu': uma' (“field”)
      • Bekati': uma' (“field”)
      • Rara Bakati': umak (“wet field”)
      • Sara: uma' (“field”)
    • Bidayuh
      • Bau Bidayuh: umoh (“farm, field”)
      • Biatah Bidayuh: ŭmŭh (“farm, field”)
      • Bukar-Sadung Bidayuh: umŭh / umūh (“farm, field, especially paddy field”)
  • Moken–Moklen
    • Moken: koma (“garden; clearing”)
  • Nortwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands
    • Batak
      • Northern Batak
        • Karo Batak: uma / huma (“field; farm”)
      • Southern Batak
        • Simalungun Batak: juma (“field; rice field”)
        • Toba Batak: uma (“field; rice field”)
        • Angkola Batak: huma (“cultivated field”)
        • Mandailing Batak: huma (“cultivated field”)
  • Malayo-Sumbawan
    • Proto-Chamic: *huma
      • Acehnese: umeung
      • Coastal Chamic
      • Highlands Chamic
        • Chru–Northern Chamic
          • Chru: hơma
          • Northern Chamic
            • Northern Roglai: humã
            • Tsat: ma³³
        • Jarai–Rhade
    • Proto-Malayic: *huma(ʔ)
      • Banjarese: huma
      • West Bornean Malayic
        • Ibanic
        • Western Malayic Dayak
      • Nuclear Malayic
      • Urak Lawoi': ฮูมา (huma)
    • Sundanese: huma / ᮠᮥᮙ (huma, “swidden, dry rice field”)
    • Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa
      • Balinese: uma / ᬳᬸᬫ (“field; rice field; arable land”)
      • Sumbawa: uma (“rice field”)
  • South Sulawesi
    • Northern South Sulawesi
      • Mandar: uma (“garden; cultivated field; dry rice field”)
      • Massenrempulu
        • Duri: uma (“field; garden”)
        • Enrekang: uma (“field; garden”)
      • Toraja
        • Toraja-Sa'dan: uma (“rice field”)
        • Tae': uma (“rice field”)
    • Bugis–Tamanic
      • Buginese: uma (“field”)
      • Embaloh: uma (“swidden”)
  • Central Malayo-Polynesian
    • Bima: oma (“cultivated field”)
    • Sumba–Flores
      • Manggarai: uma (“garden, cultivated field; clear away underbrush before felling large trees in making a new swidden”)
      • Ngadha: uma (“field”)
    • Flores–Lembata
      • Sika: uma (“garden; field”)
    • Central Maluku
      • Watubela: kuma (“kuma”)
      • Kowiai: um (“garden; plot”)
  • Proto-Oceanic: *quma
    • Western Oceanic
      • Meso-Melanesian
        • Tungag–Nalik
          • Tigak: uma (“garden”)
        • Madak
          • Madak: uma (“garden”)
        • St. George
          • Tolai: uma (“plantation; field”)
        • Northwest Solomonic
          • Roviana: uma (“make a garden”)
      • North New Guinea
        • Ngero–Vitiaz
          • Ngero
            • Kove: umo (“garden”)
            • Gitua: umwa (“garden”)
          • Vitiaz
            • Sengseng: kum (“to work in the garden”)
            • Gedaged: um (“garden; field; plantation; cultivated land”)
            • Mbula: kuma (“soil which is ready for gardening (after burning)”)
        • Schouten
          • Manam: uma (“garden”)
        • Huon Gulf
          • Numbami: uma (“garden”)
      • Papuan Tip
        • Central Papuan Tip
          • Motu: uma (“garden; an enclosed cultivated plot”)
            • Hiri Motu: uma (“garden”)
        • Nuclear Papuan Tip
          • Dobu–Duau
            • Molima: ʔuma (“planted garden”)
          • Suauic
            • Saliba (New Guinea): kuma (“to plant”)
    • Central–Eastern Oceanic
      • Southern Oceanic
        • Mota: umwa (“clear away growth from a garden, the first stage in preparation”)
      • Southeast Solomonic
        • Bugotu–Nggela
          • Gela: uma (“clear away the bushes in making a garden”)
        • Malaita–Makira
          • 'Are'are: umaa (“clear the undergrowth when commencing a new garden”)
          • Arosi: umwa (“to weed a garden”)
      • Central Pacific
        • Polynesian
          • Rennellese: ‘umanga (“garden, as for yams or taro”)

References

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