Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/kaluga

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Alternative reconstructions

  • *kaľuga

Etymology

From *kalъ (“mud, dirt”) +‎ *-uga. Related to *kaľuža and *kaluža.

Noun

*kaluga f[1]

  1. puddle
  2. swamp, bog, quagmire

Inflection

Declension of *kaluga (hard a-stem)
singular dual plural
nominative *kaluga *kaludzě *kalugy
genitive *kalugy *kalugu *kalugъ
dative *kaludzě *kalugama *kalugamъ
accusative *kalugǫ *kaludzě *kalugy
instrumental *kalugojǫ, *kalugǫ** *kalugama *kalugami
locative *kaludzě *kalugu *kalugasъ, *kalugaxъ*
vocative *kalugo *kaludzě *kalugy

* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).

Descendants

  • East Slavic:
    • Old East Slavic: калуга (kaluga), ⇒ Калуга (Kaluga, proper name)
      • Old Ruthenian: *калю́га (*kaljúha) (< *kaľuga)
        • Belarusian: калю́га (kaljúha)
        • Ukrainian: калю́га (kaljúha) (dialectal)
      • Russian: калу́га (kalúga), ⇒ Калуга (Kaluga, toponym) (dialectal)
  • South Slavic:
  • West Slavic:
    • Old Czech: *kaluha, ⇒ Kaluha (proper name)
      • Czech: kaluha, kałuha (dialectal)
    • Kashubian: kaluga, kalëga
    • Polish: kaługa, kaluga (archaic, dialectal)

References

  1. ^ Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1983), “*kaluga”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 9 (*jьz – *klenьje), Moscow: Nauka, page 125
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