Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/er-

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Etymology

Nişanyan merges this verb with *ẹr- (“to reach”).

Verb

*er-

(copulative) to be

Derived terms

*erser (“if”)
*erken (“while”)
*ermeŕ (“not”)
*erür (“is”)
*erdük (“while”)

Descendants

Proto-Common Turkic:

Arghu:
- Khalaj: *ərmək
Oghuz:
- Old Anatolian Turkish: ایمك (imäk, īmäk)
  - Azerbaijani: *imək
  - Gagauz: *imää
  - Ottoman Turkish: ایمك (imek)
    - Turkish: *imek
- Turkmen: *imek
Karluk:
- Karakhanid: [script needed] (ermēk)
  - Khorezmian Turkic:
    - Chagatai:
      - Uzbek: *emoq
Siberian Turkic:
- Old Turkic: 𐰼 (er-)
- North Siberian Turkic:
  - Yakut: эр (er)

⇒ Proto-Turkic: *erür

Oghuz:
- Salar: ira
Siberian:
- Old Turkic: 𐰼𐰇𐰼 (r²ür² /⁠erür⁠/)

Proto-Turkic: *ermeŕ

Oghur:
- Chuvash: мар (mar)
Oghuz:
- Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (imez)
  - Ottoman Turkish: ايمَز (imez)
- Salar: emes
Karluk:
- Chagatai: ایرماس (ermäs), ایماس (emäs)
  - Uzbek: emas
  - Uyghur: ئەمەس (emes)
Kipchak:
- South Kipchak:
  - Karakalpak: emes
  - Kazakh: емес (emes)
- North Kipchak
  - Bashkir: имәҫ (iməś) (dated)
- East Kipchak:
  - Kyrgyz: эмес (emes)
  - Southern Altai: эмес (emes)
Siberian:
- South Siberian:
  - Sayan:
    - Tuvan: эвес (eves)
  - Yenisei:
    - Shor: эбес (ebes)
  - Northern Altai: эвес (eves), эбес (ebes)
    - >? Khakas: нимес (nimes)

Proto-Turkic: *erdük

Oghuz:
- Old Anatolian Turkish: ايدوكى (idügi)
  - Ottoman Turkish: ايدوكى (idüği)
    - Turkish: idiği, idüği

Proto-Turkic: *erser

Oghuz:
- Old Anatolian Turkish: ایسه (ése), ارسه (erse)
  - Azerbaijani: isə
  - Gagauz: sä
  - Ottoman Turkish: ایسه
    - Turkish: ise

Proto-Turkic: *erti

Oghuz:
- Old Anatolian Turkish: ایدی (édi), اردی (erdi)
  - Azerbaijani: idi, -di
  - Gagauz: -di
  - Ottoman Turkish: ایدی
    - Turkish: idi
Karluk
- Khorezmian Turkic: ایردی (ʾyrdy /⁠erdi⁠/)
  - Chagatai: ایردی (erdi), ایدی (edi)
    - Uzbek: edi
Kipchak:
- South Kipchak:
  - Karakalpak: edi
  - Kazakh: еді (edı)
- North Kipchak
  - Bashkir: ине (ine)
  - Tatar: иде (ide)
- East Kipchak:
  - Kyrgyz: эди (edi)

Proto-Turkic: *erken

Oghuz:
- Old Anatolian Turkish: ایكن
  - Azerbaijani: ikən, -kən, -kan
  - Gagauz: -kenä, -kana
  - Ottoman Turkish: ایكن (iken)
    - Turkish: iken, -ken, -kan
Karluk
- Khorezmian Turkic:
  - Chagatai:
    - Uzbek: ekan
Kipchak:
- South Kipchak:
  - Karakalpak: eken
  - Kazakh: екен (eken)
- North Kipchak
  - Bashkir: икән (ikən)
  - Tatar: икән (ikän)
- East Kipchak:
  - Kyrgyz: экен (eken)

References

Clauson, Gerard (1972) “er-”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, pages 193-194
Sevortjan, E. V. (1974) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ tjurkskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Turkic Languages] (in Russian), volume I, Moscow: Nauka, pages 218-220
Räsänen, Martti (1969) Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen seura, page 46
Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*er-”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8)‎^[1], Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill