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This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.
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Proto-Turkic
Etymology
Compared to Proto-Mongolic *kara (“black”) and Proto-Japonic *kuro by Altaicists. Needless to say, such comparisons are not widely accepted as legitimate cognate relations by the consensus.
Adjective
*kara
- black
Derived terms
- *kapkara (“jet-black”) (intensified adjectival form)
Descendants
- Oghur
- Proto-Oghur: *χara
- Bulgar
- Proto-Bulgar: *χåra
- Volga Bulgar:
- Old Chuvash: *χåra
- Middle Chuvash: *χora
- Chuvash:
- Anatri Chuvash: хура (hura)
- Viryal Chuvash: хора (hora)
- Common Turkic
- Proto-Common Turkic: *kara
- Arghu:
- Oghuz
- Proto-Oghuz:
- Old Anatolian Turkish: قَرَه
- Classical Azerbaijani:
- Gagauz: kara
- Ottoman Turkish: قره
- Salar: gara
- Turkmen: gara
- Kipchak-Karluk (classification disputed)
- Altai
- Northern Altai: кара (kara)
- Southern Altai: кара (kara)
- Karluk
- Kipchak–Bulgar
- Kipchak-Cuman
- Crimean Tatar: qara
- Karaim: qara
- Karachay-Balkar-Kumyk
- Kipchak–Nogai
- Karakalpak-Kazakh
- Kyrgyz: кара (kara)
- Nogai: кара (kara)
- Old Turkic
- Orkhon Turkic: 𐰴𐰺𐰀 (qr¹a /qara/)
- Old Uyghur: 𐽲𐽰𐽾𐽰 (qʾrʾ /kara/)
- Western Yugur: ɢara [1]
- North Siberian Turkic
- South Siberian Turkic (classification disputed)
References
- ^ Roos, Marti (2000) The Western Yugur (Yellow Uyghur) Language. Grammar, Texts, Vocabulary, Leiden: University of Leiden, page 20
- ^ Валентин Иванович Рассадин (2005) Словарь тофаларско-русский и русско-тофаларский, page 42
- Agyágasi, Klára (2019) Chuvash Historical Phonetics (Turcologica; 117), Wiesbaden: Harrssowitz, page 226
See also