Reconstruction:Proto-Yeniseian/quç

This Proto-Yeniseian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Yeniseian

Proto-Yeniseian numbers (edit)
10
1 2  →  10  → 
    Cardinal: *qawg, *quç, *tɬin
    Ordinal: *qawgwasVŋʷ, *quçwasVŋʷ
    Adverbial: *qawgpa, *quçpa

Alternative reconstructions

  • *qus, *qut (per Werner 2002 and Vajda-Werner 2022)
  • *χu-sa (per Werner 2002 and Starostin 2005)
  • *quʧ, *quc (per Cologne group 2023 & 2024. Pattern: q.1-s.1)

Etymology

Most likely related to Proto-Yeniseian *qawg (“one, 1”) (animate). If so, perhaps analyzable as *qu- +‎ *-ç (singulative suffix).

Kott, Arin and Pumpokol words for 'one' lost the animacy-inanimacy distinction. Proto-Yeniseian animacy-inanimacy distinction in numerals is limited with this term, while the other numbers take on the same form regardless of noun class.

Numeral

*qu-ç (ordinal *quç-was-Vŋʷ)

  1. (cardinal number, inanimate) one, 1
    Synonym: *qawg (“one, 1”) (animate)

Descendants

  • Ketic:
    • Imbak Ket: xusem (χusem) (Bahta and Eed-Šeš dialects)
    • Imbak Ket: xusam, xuzam, kus'am (χusam, χuzam, kusʲam)
      • Ket: ӄусь (qūsʲ), ӄусям (qúsʲam) (counting form)
        • ⇒ Ket: ӄустиӈа (qustiŋa, “together”)
    • ⇒ Ket: ӄоой (qɔ́ɔ̀j, “neigbor”)
    • Ostyak Yug: xusem (χusem)
      • Yug: хус (χus), хушь (χušʲ), хусе (χuse) (counting form)
        • ⇒ Yug: хусэʼ (χusɛˀ, “There is only one of it.”) (Attested as a sentence.)
        • ⇒ Yug: хусфереӈ (χusfereŋ, “simple”)
  • Kottic:
    • Assan: huča
    • Kott: huča, húča, xuodžá, xuodže, guš (both animate and inanimate nouns)
      • ⇒ Kott: xuodžä (“There is one [animate object.]”) (Attested as a sentence.)
      • ⇒ Kott: hûšujâkŋ (“a hundred, 100”) (cf. ujâkŋ (“hundred, 100”))
      • ⇒ Kott: hûšpaŋ (“together”) (cf. paŋ (“place”))
  • Arinic:
    • Arin: kuisa, khuzej, qúsej (both animate and inanimate nouns)
    • ⇒ Arin: kusket (“one, 1”, literally “one person”)
    • ⇒ Arin: qúsej, kusšej (“one year”)
  • Pumpokolic:
    • Pumpokol: chúta, xúta (both animate and inanimate nouns)
  • Proto-Pumpokolic: *hu-kus (“village”, literally “together-tents”)
    • ⇒ Pumpokol: hukut (“village”)

Further reading

  • Bonmann, Svenja, Fries, Simon, Korobzow, Natalie, Günther, Laura, Hill, Eugen (2023) “Towards a New Reconstruction of the Proto-Yeniseian Sound System. Part I: Word-Initial Consonants”, in International Journal of Eurasian Linguistics‎[1], number 5, Brill, →DOI, →ISSN, page 57 of 39-82
  • Hill, Eugen, Fries, Simon, Korobzow, Natalie, Günther, Laura, Svenja, Bonmann (2024) “Towards a New Reconstruction of the Proto-Yeniseian Sound System. Part II: Word-Final Consonants”, in International Journal of Eurasian Linguistics‎[2], number 6, Brill, →DOI, →ISSN, page 253-254 of 216-293
  • Vajda, Edward, Werner, Heinrich (2022) “*qus/*qut”, in Comparative-Historical Yeniseian Dictionary (Languages of the World/Dictionaries; 79, 80), Muenchen: LINCOM GmbH, →ISBN, page 725
  • Vajda, Edward (2024) The Languages and Linguistics of Northern Asia: Language Families (The World of Linguistics [WOL]; 10.1)‎[3], volume 1, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →DOI, →ISBN, page 440
  • Werner, Heinrich (2002) “¹qus'”, in Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der Jenissej-Sprachen, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →ISBN, page 132
  • Werner, Heinrich (2005) “one”, in Die Jenissej-Sprachen des 18. Jahrhunderts, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →ISBN, page 313
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