Swahili
Etymology
From Malagasy avona (“pride”), formed as if the reflexive form of the unrelated verb -vuna (“to harvest”).
Pronunciation
Verb
-jivuna (infinitive kujivuna)
- to be proud
Conjugation
| Conjugation of -jivuna
|
| Positive present
|
-najivuna
|
| Subjunctive
|
-jivune
|
| Negative
|
-jivuni
|
| Imperative singular
|
jivuna
|
|
| Infinitives
|
|
|
| Imperatives
|
| Singular
|
jivuna
|
| Plural
|
jivuneni
|
|
| Tensed forms
|
| Habitual
|
hujivuna
|
| Positive past
|
positive subject concord + -lijivuna
|
| Negative past
|
negative subject concord + -kujivuna
|
|
| Positive present (positive subject concord + -najivuna)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1st person
|
ninajivuna/najivuna
|
tunajivuna
|
| 2nd person
|
unajivuna
|
mnajivuna
|
| 3rd person
|
m-wa(I/II)
|
anajivuna
|
wanajivuna
|
| other classes
|
positive subject concord + -najivuna
|
|
| Negative present (negative subject concord + -jivuni)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1st person
|
sijivuni
|
hatujivuni
|
| 2nd person
|
hujivuni
|
hamjivuni
|
| 3rd person
|
m-wa(I/II)
|
hajivuni
|
hawajivuni
|
| other classes
|
negative subject concord + -jivuni
|
|
| Positive future
|
positive subject concord + -tajivuna
|
| Negative future
|
negative subject concord + -tajivuna
|
|
| Positive subjunctive (positive subject concord + -jivune)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1st person
|
nijivune
|
tujivune
|
| 2nd person
|
ujivune
|
mjivune
|
| 3rd person
|
m-wa(I/II)
|
ajivune
|
wajivune
|
| other classes
|
positive subject concord + -jivune
|
|
| Negative subjunctive
|
positive subject concord + -sijivune
|
| Positive present conditional
|
positive subject concord + -ngejivuna
|
| Negative present conditional
|
positive subject concord + -singejivuna
|
| Positive past conditional
|
positive subject concord + -ngalijivuna
|
| Negative past conditional
|
positive subject concord + -singalijivuna
|
|
| Gnomic (positive subject concord + -ajivuna)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1st person
|
najivuna
|
twajivuna
|
| 2nd person
|
wajivuna
|
mwajivuna
|
| 3rd person
|
m-wa(I/II)
|
ajivuna
|
wajivuna
|
| m-mi(III/IV)
|
wajivuna
|
yajivuna
|
| ji-ma(V/VI)
|
lajivuna
|
yajivuna
|
| ki-vi(VII/VIII)
|
chajivuna
|
vyajivuna
|
| n(IX/X)
|
yajivuna
|
zajivuna
|
| u(XI)
|
wajivuna
|
see n(X) or ma(VI) class
|
| ku(XV/XVII)
|
kwajivuna
|
|
| pa(XVI)
|
pajivuna
|
|
| mu(XVIII)
|
mwajivuna
|
|
|
| Perfect
|
positive subject concord + -mejivuna
|
| "Already"
|
positive subject concord + -meshajivuna
|
| "Not yet"
|
negative subject concord + -jajivuna
|
| "If/When"
|
positive subject concord + -kijivuna
|
| "If not"
|
positive subject concord + -sipojivuna
|
| Consecutive
|
kajivuna / positive subject concord + -kajivuna
|
| Consecutive subjunctive
|
positive subject concord + -kajivune
|
|
| Object concord (indicative positive)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1st person
|
-nijivuna
|
-tujivuna
|
| 2nd person
|
-kujivuna
|
-wajivuna/-kujivuneni/-wajivuneni
|
| 3rd person
|
m-wa(I/II)
|
-mjivuna
|
-wajivuna
|
| m-mi(III/IV)
|
-ujivuna
|
-ijivuna
|
| ji-ma(V/VI)
|
-lijivuna
|
-yajivuna
|
| ki-vi(VII/VIII)
|
-kijivuna
|
-vijivuna
|
| n(IX/X)
|
-ijivuna
|
-zijivuna
|
| u(XI)
|
-ujivuna
|
see n(X) or ma(VI) class
|
| ku(XV/XVII)
|
-kujivuna
|
|
| pa(XVI)
|
-pajivuna
|
|
| mu(XVIII)
|
-mujivuna
|
|
| Reflexive
|
-jijivuna
|
|
| Relative forms
|
| General positive (positive subject concord + (object concord) + -jivuna- + relative marker)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| m-wa(I/II)
|
-jivunaye
|
-jivunao
|
| m-mi(III/IV)
|
-jivunao
|
-jivunayo
|
| ji-ma(V/VI)
|
-jivunalo
|
-jivunayo
|
| ki-vi(VII/VIII)
|
-jivunacho
|
-jivunavyo
|
| n(IX/X)
|
-jivunayo
|
-jivunazo
|
| u(XI)
|
-jivunao
|
see n(X) or ma(VI) class
|
| ku(XV/XVII)
|
-jivunako
|
|
| pa(XVI)
|
-jivunapo
|
|
| mu(XVIII)
|
-jivunamo
|
|
|
| Other forms (subject concord + tense marker + relative marker + (object concord) + -jivuna)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| m-wa(I/II)
|
-yejivuna
|
-ojivuna
|
| m-mi(III/IV)
|
-ojivuna
|
-yojivuna
|
| ji-ma(V/VI)
|
-lojivuna
|
-yojivuna
|
| ki-vi(VII/VIII)
|
-chojivuna
|
-vyojivuna
|
| n(IX/X)
|
-yojivuna
|
-zojivuna
|
| u(XI)
|
-ojivuna
|
see n(X) or ma(VI) class
|
| ku(XV/XVII)
|
-kojivuna
|
|
| pa(XVI)
|
-pojivuna
|
|
| mu(XVIII)
|
-mojivuna
|
|
|
|
| Some forms not commonly seen in modern Standard Swahili are absent from the table. See Appendix:Swahili verbs for more information.
|
Derived terms
- Verbal derivations:
- Applicative: -jivunia
- Causative: -jivunisha