vuna

Phuthi

Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *-búna.

Verb

-vúna

  1. to harvest

Inflection

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

Serbo-Croatian

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *vьlna, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *wílˀnāˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂wĺ̥h₁neh₂.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ʋûna/
  • Hyphenation: vu‧na

Noun

vȕna f (Cyrillic spelling ву̏на)

  1. wool

Declension

Declension of vuna
singular plural
nominative vuna vune
genitive vune vuna
dative vuni vunama
accusative vunu vune
vocative vuno vune
locative vuni vunama
instrumental vunom vunama

Further reading

  • “vuna”, in Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2025

Swahili

Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *-búna.

Pronunciation

  • Audio (Kenya):(file)

Verb

-vuna (infinitive kuvuna)

  1. to harvest, reap
  2. to profit

Usage notes

The reflexive with -ji- is not used, as it is identical in form with the unrelated verb -jivuna.

Conjugation

Conjugation of -vuna
Positive present -navuna
Subjunctive -vune
Negative -vuni
Imperative singular vuna
Infinitives
Positive kuvuna
Negative kutovuna
Imperatives
Singular vuna
Plural vuneni
Tensed forms
Habitual huvuna
Positive past positive subject concord + -livuna
Negative past negative subject concord + -kuvuna
Positive present (positive subject concord + -navuna)
Singular Plural
1st person ninavuna/navuna tunavuna
2nd person unavuna mnavuna
3rd person m-wa(I/II) anavuna wanavuna
other classes positive subject concord + -navuna
Negative present (negative subject concord + -vuni)
Singular Plural
1st person sivuni hatuvuni
2nd person huvuni hamvuni
3rd person m-wa(I/II) havuni hawavuni
other classes negative subject concord + -vuni
Positive future positive subject concord + -tavuna
Negative future negative subject concord + -tavuna
Positive subjunctive (positive subject concord + -vune)
Singular Plural
1st person nivune tuvune
2nd person uvune mvune
3rd person m-wa(I/II) avune wavune
other classes positive subject concord + -vune
Negative subjunctive positive subject concord + -sivune
Positive present conditional positive subject concord + -ngevuna
Negative present conditional positive subject concord + -singevuna
Positive past conditional positive subject concord + -ngalivuna
Negative past conditional positive subject concord + -singalivuna
Gnomic (positive subject concord + -avuna)
Singular Plural
1st person navuna twavuna
2nd person wavuna mwavuna
3rd person m-wa(I/II) avuna wavuna
m-mi(III/IV) wavuna yavuna
ji-ma(V/VI) lavuna yavuna
ki-vi(VII/VIII) chavuna vyavuna
n(IX/X) yavuna zavuna
u(XI) wavuna see n(X) or ma(VI) class
ku(XV/XVII) kwavuna
pa(XVI) pavuna
mu(XVIII) mwavuna
Perfect positive subject concord + -mevuna
"Already" positive subject concord + -meshavuna
"Not yet" negative subject concord + -javuna
"If/When" positive subject concord + -kivuna
"If not" positive subject concord + -sipovuna
Consecutive kavuna / positive subject concord + -kavuna
Consecutive subjunctive positive subject concord + -kavune
Object concord (indicative positive)
Singular Plural
1st person -nivuna -tuvuna
2nd person -kuvuna -wavuna/-kuvuneni/-wavuneni
3rd person m-wa(I/II) -mvuna -wavuna
m-mi(III/IV) -uvuna -ivuna
ji-ma(V/VI) -livuna -yavuna
ki-vi(VII/VIII) -kivuna -vivuna
n(IX/X) -ivuna -zivuna
u(XI) -uvuna see n(X) or ma(VI) class
ku(XV/XVII) -kuvuna
pa(XVI) -pavuna
mu(XVIII) -muvuna
Reflexive -jivuna
Relative forms
General positive (positive subject concord + (object concord) + -vuna- + relative marker)
Singular Plural
m-wa(I/II) -vunaye -vunao
m-mi(III/IV) -vunao -vunayo
ji-ma(V/VI) -vunalo -vunayo
ki-vi(VII/VIII) -vunacho -vunavyo
n(IX/X) -vunayo -vunazo
u(XI) -vunao see n(X) or ma(VI) class
ku(XV/XVII) -vunako
pa(XVI) -vunapo
mu(XVIII) -vunamo
Other forms (subject concord + tense marker + relative marker + (object concord) + -vuna)
Singular Plural
m-wa(I/II) -yevuna -ovuna
m-mi(III/IV) -ovuna -yovuna
ji-ma(V/VI) -lovuna -yovuna
ki-vi(VII/VIII) -chovuna -vyovuna
n(IX/X) -yovuna -zovuna
u(XI) -ovuna see n(X) or ma(VI) class
ku(XV/XVII) -kovuna
pa(XVI) -povuna
mu(XVIII) -movuna
Some forms not commonly seen in modern Standard Swahili are absent from the table. See Appendix:Swahili verbs for more information.

Derived terms

  • Verbal derivations:
    • Applicative: -vunia
    • Causative: -vunisha
    • Passive: -vunwa
    • Stative: -vunika
  • Nominal derivations:

Xhosa

Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *-búna.

Verb

-vûna

  1. (transitive) to pick, to reap, to harvest

Inflection

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

Zulu

Etymology 1

From Proto-Bantu *-búna.

Verb

-vúna

  1. (transitive) to harvest
Inflection
tone H (infinitive ukuvuna)
positive negative
infinitive ukuvuna ukungavuni
imperative
simple + object concord
singular vuna -vune
plural vunani -vuneni
present
positive absolute positive relative positive participial negative absolute negative relative negative participial
1st singular ngiyavuna, ngivuna engivunayo, engivuna ngivuna angivuni engingavuni ngingavuni
2nd singular uyavuna, uvuna ovunayo, ovuna uvuna awuvuni ongavuni ungavuni
1st plural siyavuna, sivuna esivunayo, esivuna sivuna asivuni esingavuni singavuni
2nd plural niyavuna, nivuna enivunayo, enivuna nivuna anivuni eningavuni ningavuni
class 1 uyavuna, uvuna ovunayo, ovuna evuna akavuni ongavuni engavuni
class 2 bayavuna, bavuna abavunayo, abavuna bevuna abavuni abangavuni bengavuni
class 3 uyavuna, uvuna ovunayo, ovuna uvuna awuvuni ongavuni ungavuni
class 4 iyavuna, ivuna evunayo, evuna ivuna ayivuni engavuni ingavuni
class 5 liyavuna, livuna elivunayo, elivuna livuna alivuni elingavuni lingavuni
class 6 ayavuna, avuna avunayo, avuna evuna awavuni angavuni engavuni
class 7 siyavuna, sivuna esivunayo, esivuna sivuna asivuni esingavuni singavuni
class 8 ziyavuna, zivuna ezivunayo, ezivuna zivuna azivuni ezingavuni zingavuni
class 9 iyavuna, ivuna evunayo, evuna ivuna ayivuni engavuni ingavuni
class 10 ziyavuna, zivuna ezivunayo, ezivuna zivuna azivuni ezingavuni zingavuni
class 11 luyavuna, luvuna oluvunayo, oluvuna luvuna aluvuni olungavuni lungavuni
class 14 buyavuna, buvuna obuvunayo, obuvuna buvuna abuvuni obungavuni bungavuni
class 15 kuyavuna, kuvuna okuvunayo, okuvuna kuvuna akuvuni okungavuni kungavuni
class 17 kuyavuna, kuvuna okuvunayo, okuvuna kuvuna akuvuni okungavuni kungavuni
recent past
positive absolute positive relative positive participial negative absolute negative relative negative participial
1st singular ngivunile, ngivunē engivunile, engivunē ngivunile, ngivunē angivunanga engingavunanga ngingavunanga
2nd singular uvunile, uvunē ovunile, ovunē uvunile, uvunē awuvunanga ongavunanga ungavunanga
1st plural sivunile, sivunē esivunile, esivunē sivunile, sivunē asivunanga esingavunanga singavunanga
2nd plural nivunile, nivunē enivunile, enivunē nivunile, nivunē anivunanga eningavunanga ningavunanga
class 1 uvunile, uvunē ovunile, ovunē evunile, evunē akavunanga ongavunanga engavunanga
class 2 bavunile, bavunē abavunile, abavunē bevunile, bevunē abavunanga abangavunanga bengavunanga
class 3 uvunile, uvunē ovunile, ovunē uvunile, uvunē awuvunanga ongavunanga ungavunanga
class 4 ivunile, ivunē evunile, evunē ivunile, ivunē ayivunanga engavunanga ingavunanga
class 5 livunile, livunē elivunile, elivunē livunile, livunē alivunanga elingavunanga lingavunanga
class 6 avunile, avunē avunile, avunē evunile, evunē awavunanga angavunanga engavunanga
class 7 sivunile, sivunē esivunile, esivunē sivunile, sivunē asivunanga esingavunanga singavunanga
class 8 zivunile, zivunē ezivunile, ezivunē zivunile, zivunē azivunanga ezingavunanga zingavunanga
class 9 ivunile, ivunē evunile, evunē ivunile, ivunē ayivunanga engavunanga ingavunanga
class 10 zivunile, zivunē ezivunile, ezivunē zivunile, zivunē azivunanga ezingavunanga zingavunanga
class 11 luvunile, luvunē oluvunile, oluvunē luvunile, luvunē aluvunanga olungavunanga lungavunanga
class 14 buvunile, buvunē obuvunile, obuvunē buvunile, buvunē abuvunanga obungavunanga bungavunanga
class 15 kuvunile, kuvunē okuvunile, okuvunē kuvunile, kuvunē akuvunanga okungavunanga kungavunanga
class 17 kuvunile, kuvunē okuvunile, okuvunē kuvunile, kuvunē akuvunanga okungavunanga kungavunanga
remote past
positive absolute positive relative positive participial negative absolute negative relative negative participial
1st singular ngāvuna engāvuna ngāvuna angivunanga engingavunanga ngingavunanga
2nd singular wāvuna owāvuna wāvuna awuvunanga ongavunanga ungavunanga
1st plural sāvuna esāvuna sāvuna asivunanga esingavunanga singavunanga
2nd plural nāvuna enāvuna nāvuna anivunanga eningavunanga ningavunanga
class 1 wāvuna owāvuna āvuna akavunanga ongavunanga engavunanga
class 2 bāvuna abāvuna bāvuna abavunanga abangavunanga bengavunanga
class 3 wāvuna owāvuna wāvuna awuvunanga ongavunanga ungavunanga
class 4 yāvuna eyāvuna yāvuna ayivunanga engavunanga ingavunanga
class 5 lāvuna elāvuna lāvuna alivunanga elingavunanga lingavunanga
class 6 āvuna āvuna āvuna awavunanga angavunanga engavunanga
class 7 sāvuna esāvuna sāvuna asivunanga esingavunanga singavunanga
class 8 zāvuna ezāvuna zāvuna azivunanga ezingavunanga zingavunanga
class 9 yāvuna eyāvuna yāvuna ayivunanga engavunanga ingavunanga
class 10 zāvuna ezāvuna zāvuna azivunanga ezingavunanga zingavunanga
class 11 lwāvuna olwāvuna lwāvuna aluvunanga olungavunanga lungavunanga
class 14 bāvuna obāvuna bāvuna abuvunanga obungavunanga bungavunanga
class 15 kwāvuna okwāvuna kwāvuna akuvunanga okungavunanga kungavunanga
class 17 kwāvuna okwāvuna kwāvuna akuvunanga okungavunanga kungavunanga
potential
positive absolute positive relative positive participial negative absolute negative relative negative participial
1st singular ngingavuna — ngingavuna ngingevune — ngingevune
2nd singular ungavuna — ungavuna ungevune — ungevune
1st plural singavuna — singavuna singevune — singevune
2nd plural ningavuna — ningavuna ningevune — ningevune
class 1 angavuna — engavuna angevune — engevune
class 2 bangavuna — bengavuna bangevune — bengevune
class 3 ungavuna — ungavuna ungevune — ungevune
class 4 ingavuna — ingavuna ingevune — ingevune
class 5 lingavuna — lingavuna lingevune — lingevune
class 6 angavuna — engavuna angevune — engevune
class 7 singavuna — singavuna singevune — singevune
class 8 zingavuna — zingavuna zingevune — zingevune
class 9 ingavuna — ingavuna ingevune — ingevune
class 10 zingavuna — zingavuna zingevune — zingevune
class 11 lungavuna — lungavuna lungevune — lungevune
class 14 bungavuna — bungavuna bungevune — bungevune
class 15 kungavuna — kungavuna kungevune — kungevune
class 17 kungavuna — kungavuna kungevune — kungevune
immediate future
positive absolute positive relative positive participial negative absolute negative relative negative participial
1st singular ngizovuna engizovuna ngizovuna angizuvuna engingezuvuna ngingezuvuna
2nd singular uzovuna ozovuna uzovuna awuzuvuna ongezuvuna ungezuvuna
1st plural sizovuna esizovuna sizovuna asizuvuna esingezuvuna singezuvuna
2nd plural nizovuna enizovuna nizovuna anizuvuna eningezuvuna ningezuvuna
class 1 uzovuna ozovuna ezovuna akazuvuna ongezuvuna engezuvuna
class 2 bazovuna abazovuna bezovuna abazuvuna abangezuvuna bengezuvuna
class 3 uzovuna ozovuna uzovuna awuzuvuna ongezuvuna ungezuvuna
class 4 izovuna ezovuna izovuna ayizuvuna engezuvuna ingezuvuna
class 5 lizovuna elizovuna lizovuna alizuvuna elingezuvuna lingezuvuna
class 6 azovuna azovuna ezovuna awazuvuna angezuvuna engezuvuna
class 7 sizovuna esizovuna sizovuna asizuvuna esingezuvuna singezuvuna
class 8 zizovuna ezizovuna zizovuna azizuvuna ezingezuvuna zingezuvuna
class 9 izovuna ezovuna izovuna ayizuvuna engezuvuna ingezuvuna
class 10 zizovuna ezizovuna zizovuna azizuvuna ezingezuvuna zingezuvuna
class 11 luzovuna oluzovuna luzovuna aluzuvuna olungezuvuna lungezuvuna
class 14 buzovuna obuzovuna buzovuna abuzuvuna obungezuvuna bungezuvuna
class 15 kuzovuna okuzovuna kuzovuna akuzuvuna okungezuvuna kungezuvuna
class 17 kuzovuna okuzovuna kuzovuna akuzuvuna okungezuvuna kungezuvuna
remote future
positive absolute positive relative positive participial negative absolute negative relative negative participial
1st singular ngiyovuna engiyovuna ngiyovuna angiyuvuna engingeyuvuna ngingeyuvuna
2nd singular uyovuna oyovuna uyovuna awuyuvuna ongeyuvuna ungeyuvuna
1st plural siyovuna esiyovuna siyovuna asiyuvuna esingeyuvuna singeyuvuna
2nd plural niyovuna eniyovuna niyovuna aniyuvuna eningeyuvuna ningeyuvuna
class 1 uyovuna oyovuna eyovuna akayuvuna ongeyuvuna engeyuvuna
class 2 bayovuna abayovuna beyovuna abayuvuna abangeyuvuna bengeyuvuna
class 3 uyovuna oyovuna uyovuna awuyuvuna ongeyuvuna ungeyuvuna
class 4 iyovuna eyovuna iyovuna ayiyuvuna engeyuvuna ingeyuvuna
class 5 liyovuna eliyovuna liyovuna aliyuvuna elingeyuvuna lingeyuvuna
class 6 ayovuna ayovuna eyovuna awayuvuna angeyuvuna engeyuvuna
class 7 siyovuna esiyovuna siyovuna asiyuvuna esingeyuvuna singeyuvuna
class 8 ziyovuna eziyovuna ziyovuna aziyuvuna ezingeyuvuna zingeyuvuna
class 9 iyovuna eyovuna iyovuna ayiyuvuna engeyuvuna ingeyuvuna
class 10 ziyovuna eziyovuna ziyovuna aziyuvuna ezingeyuvuna zingeyuvuna
class 11 luyovuna oluyovuna luyovuna aluyuvuna olungeyuvuna lungeyuvuna
class 14 buyovuna obuyovuna buyovuna abuyuvuna obungeyuvuna bungeyuvuna
class 15 kuyovuna okuyovuna kuyovuna akuyuvuna okungeyuvuna kungeyuvuna
class 17 kuyovuna okuyovuna kuyovuna akuyuvuna okungeyuvuna kungeyuvuna
present subjunctive
positive negative
1st singular ngivune ngingavuni
2nd singular uvune ungavuni
1st plural sivune singavuni
2nd plural nivune ningavuni
class 1 avune angavuni
class 2 bavune bangavuni
class 3 uvune ungavuni
class 4 ivune ingavuni
class 5 livune lingavuni
class 6 avune angavuni
class 7 sivune singavuni
class 8 zivune zingavuni
class 9 ivune ingavuni
class 10 zivune zingavuni
class 11 luvune lungavuni
class 14 buvune bungavuni
class 15 kuvune kungavuni
class 17 kuvune kungavuni
past subjunctive
positive negative
1st singular ngavuna ngangavuna, angavuna, angangavuna
2nd singular wavuna wangavuna, awavuna, awangavuna
1st plural savuna sangavuna, asavuna, asangavuna
2nd plural navuna nangavuna, anavuna, anangavuna
class 1 wavuna wangavuna, akavuna, akangavuna
class 2 bavuna bangavuna, abavuna, abangavuna
class 3 wavuna wangavuna, awavuna, awangavuna
class 4 yavuna yangavuna, ayavuna, ayangavuna
class 5 lavuna langavuna, alavuna, alangavuna
class 6 avuna angavuna, awavuna, awangavuna
class 7 savuna sangavuna, asavuna, asangavuna
class 8 zavuna zangavuna, azavuna, azangavuna
class 9 yavuna yangavuna, ayavuna, ayangavuna
class 10 zavuna zangavuna, azavuna, azangavuna
class 11 lwavuna lwangavuna, alwavuna, alwangavuna
class 14 bavuna bangavuna, abavuna, abangavuna
class 15 kwavuna kwangavuna, akwavuna, akwangavuna
class 17 kwavuna kwangavuna, akwavuna, akwangavuna

Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Verb

-vúna

  1. (transitive) to side with (in a dispute), to be partial towards
Inflection
tone H (infinitive ukuvuna)
positive negative
infinitive ukuvuna ukungavuni
imperative
simple + object concord
singular vuna -vune
plural vunani -vuneni
present
positive absolute positive relative positive participial negative absolute negative relative negative participial
1st singular ngiyavuna, ngivuna engivunayo, engivuna ngivuna angivuni engingavuni ngingavuni
2nd singular uyavuna, uvuna ovunayo, ovuna uvuna awuvuni ongavuni ungavuni
1st plural siyavuna, sivuna esivunayo, esivuna sivuna asivuni esingavuni singavuni
2nd plural niyavuna, nivuna enivunayo, enivuna nivuna anivuni eningavuni ningavuni
class 1 uyavuna, uvuna ovunayo, ovuna evuna akavuni ongavuni engavuni
class 2 bayavuna, bavuna abavunayo, abavuna bevuna abavuni abangavuni bengavuni
class 3 uyavuna, uvuna ovunayo, ovuna uvuna awuvuni ongavuni ungavuni
class 4 iyavuna, ivuna evunayo, evuna ivuna ayivuni engavuni ingavuni
class 5 liyavuna, livuna elivunayo, elivuna livuna alivuni elingavuni lingavuni
class 6 ayavuna, avuna avunayo, avuna evuna awavuni angavuni engavuni
class 7 siyavuna, sivuna esivunayo, esivuna sivuna asivuni esingavuni singavuni
class 8 ziyavuna, zivuna ezivunayo, ezivuna zivuna azivuni ezingavuni zingavuni
class 9 iyavuna, ivuna evunayo, evuna ivuna ayivuni engavuni ingavuni
class 10 ziyavuna, zivuna ezivunayo, ezivuna zivuna azivuni ezingavuni zingavuni
class 11 luyavuna, luvuna oluvunayo, oluvuna luvuna aluvuni olungavuni lungavuni
class 14 buyavuna, buvuna obuvunayo, obuvuna buvuna abuvuni obungavuni bungavuni
class 15 kuyavuna, kuvuna okuvunayo, okuvuna kuvuna akuvuni okungavuni kungavuni
class 17 kuyavuna, kuvuna okuvunayo, okuvuna kuvuna akuvuni okungavuni kungavuni
recent past
positive absolute positive relative positive participial negative absolute negative relative negative participial
1st singular ngivunile, ngivunē engivunile, engivunē ngivunile, ngivunē angivunanga engingavunanga ngingavunanga
2nd singular uvunile, uvunē ovunile, ovunē uvunile, uvunē awuvunanga ongavunanga ungavunanga
1st plural sivunile, sivunē esivunile, esivunē sivunile, sivunē asivunanga esingavunanga singavunanga
2nd plural nivunile, nivunē enivunile, enivunē nivunile, nivunē anivunanga eningavunanga ningavunanga
class 1 uvunile, uvunē ovunile, ovunē evunile, evunē akavunanga ongavunanga engavunanga
class 2 bavunile, bavunē abavunile, abavunē bevunile, bevunē abavunanga abangavunanga bengavunanga
class 3 uvunile, uvunē ovunile, ovunē uvunile, uvunē awuvunanga ongavunanga ungavunanga
class 4 ivunile, ivunē evunile, evunē ivunile, ivunē ayivunanga engavunanga ingavunanga
class 5 livunile, livunē elivunile, elivunē livunile, livunē alivunanga elingavunanga lingavunanga
class 6 avunile, avunē avunile, avunē evunile, evunē awavunanga angavunanga engavunanga
class 7 sivunile, sivunē esivunile, esivunē sivunile, sivunē asivunanga esingavunanga singavunanga
class 8 zivunile, zivunē ezivunile, ezivunē zivunile, zivunē azivunanga ezingavunanga zingavunanga
class 9 ivunile, ivunē evunile, evunē ivunile, ivunē ayivunanga engavunanga ingavunanga
class 10 zivunile, zivunē ezivunile, ezivunē zivunile, zivunē azivunanga ezingavunanga zingavunanga
class 11 luvunile, luvunē oluvunile, oluvunē luvunile, luvunē aluvunanga olungavunanga lungavunanga
class 14 buvunile, buvunē obuvunile, obuvunē buvunile, buvunē abuvunanga obungavunanga bungavunanga
class 15 kuvunile, kuvunē okuvunile, okuvunē kuvunile, kuvunē akuvunanga okungavunanga kungavunanga
class 17 kuvunile, kuvunē okuvunile, okuvunē kuvunile, kuvunē akuvunanga okungavunanga kungavunanga
remote past
positive absolute positive relative positive participial negative absolute negative relative negative participial
1st singular ngāvuna engāvuna ngāvuna angivunanga engingavunanga ngingavunanga
2nd singular wāvuna owāvuna wāvuna awuvunanga ongavunanga ungavunanga
1st plural sāvuna esāvuna sāvuna asivunanga esingavunanga singavunanga
2nd plural nāvuna enāvuna nāvuna anivunanga eningavunanga ningavunanga
class 1 wāvuna owāvuna āvuna akavunanga ongavunanga engavunanga
class 2 bāvuna abāvuna bāvuna abavunanga abangavunanga bengavunanga
class 3 wāvuna owāvuna wāvuna awuvunanga ongavunanga ungavunanga
class 4 yāvuna eyāvuna yāvuna ayivunanga engavunanga ingavunanga
class 5 lāvuna elāvuna lāvuna alivunanga elingavunanga lingavunanga
class 6 āvuna āvuna āvuna awavunanga angavunanga engavunanga
class 7 sāvuna esāvuna sāvuna asivunanga esingavunanga singavunanga
class 8 zāvuna ezāvuna zāvuna azivunanga ezingavunanga zingavunanga
class 9 yāvuna eyāvuna yāvuna ayivunanga engavunanga ingavunanga
class 10 zāvuna ezāvuna zāvuna azivunanga ezingavunanga zingavunanga
class 11 lwāvuna olwāvuna lwāvuna aluvunanga olungavunanga lungavunanga
class 14 bāvuna obāvuna bāvuna abuvunanga obungavunanga bungavunanga
class 15 kwāvuna okwāvuna kwāvuna akuvunanga okungavunanga kungavunanga
class 17 kwāvuna okwāvuna kwāvuna akuvunanga okungavunanga kungavunanga
potential
positive absolute positive relative positive participial negative absolute negative relative negative participial
1st singular ngingavuna — ngingavuna ngingevune — ngingevune
2nd singular ungavuna — ungavuna ungevune — ungevune
1st plural singavuna — singavuna singevune — singevune
2nd plural ningavuna — ningavuna ningevune — ningevune
class 1 angavuna — engavuna angevune — engevune
class 2 bangavuna — bengavuna bangevune — bengevune
class 3 ungavuna — ungavuna ungevune — ungevune
class 4 ingavuna — ingavuna ingevune — ingevune
class 5 lingavuna — lingavuna lingevune — lingevune
class 6 angavuna — engavuna angevune — engevune
class 7 singavuna — singavuna singevune — singevune
class 8 zingavuna — zingavuna zingevune — zingevune
class 9 ingavuna — ingavuna ingevune — ingevune
class 10 zingavuna — zingavuna zingevune — zingevune
class 11 lungavuna — lungavuna lungevune — lungevune
class 14 bungavuna — bungavuna bungevune — bungevune
class 15 kungavuna — kungavuna kungevune — kungevune
class 17 kungavuna — kungavuna kungevune — kungevune
immediate future
positive absolute positive relative positive participial negative absolute negative relative negative participial
1st singular ngizovuna engizovuna ngizovuna angizuvuna engingezuvuna ngingezuvuna
2nd singular uzovuna ozovuna uzovuna awuzuvuna ongezuvuna ungezuvuna
1st plural sizovuna esizovuna sizovuna asizuvuna esingezuvuna singezuvuna
2nd plural nizovuna enizovuna nizovuna anizuvuna eningezuvuna ningezuvuna
class 1 uzovuna ozovuna ezovuna akazuvuna ongezuvuna engezuvuna
class 2 bazovuna abazovuna bezovuna abazuvuna abangezuvuna bengezuvuna
class 3 uzovuna ozovuna uzovuna awuzuvuna ongezuvuna ungezuvuna
class 4 izovuna ezovuna izovuna ayizuvuna engezuvuna ingezuvuna
class 5 lizovuna elizovuna lizovuna alizuvuna elingezuvuna lingezuvuna
class 6 azovuna azovuna ezovuna awazuvuna angezuvuna engezuvuna
class 7 sizovuna esizovuna sizovuna asizuvuna esingezuvuna singezuvuna
class 8 zizovuna ezizovuna zizovuna azizuvuna ezingezuvuna zingezuvuna
class 9 izovuna ezovuna izovuna ayizuvuna engezuvuna ingezuvuna
class 10 zizovuna ezizovuna zizovuna azizuvuna ezingezuvuna zingezuvuna
class 11 luzovuna oluzovuna luzovuna aluzuvuna olungezuvuna lungezuvuna
class 14 buzovuna obuzovuna buzovuna abuzuvuna obungezuvuna bungezuvuna
class 15 kuzovuna okuzovuna kuzovuna akuzuvuna okungezuvuna kungezuvuna
class 17 kuzovuna okuzovuna kuzovuna akuzuvuna okungezuvuna kungezuvuna
remote future
positive absolute positive relative positive participial negative absolute negative relative negative participial
1st singular ngiyovuna engiyovuna ngiyovuna angiyuvuna engingeyuvuna ngingeyuvuna
2nd singular uyovuna oyovuna uyovuna awuyuvuna ongeyuvuna ungeyuvuna
1st plural siyovuna esiyovuna siyovuna asiyuvuna esingeyuvuna singeyuvuna
2nd plural niyovuna eniyovuna niyovuna aniyuvuna eningeyuvuna ningeyuvuna
class 1 uyovuna oyovuna eyovuna akayuvuna ongeyuvuna engeyuvuna
class 2 bayovuna abayovuna beyovuna abayuvuna abangeyuvuna bengeyuvuna
class 3 uyovuna oyovuna uyovuna awuyuvuna ongeyuvuna ungeyuvuna
class 4 iyovuna eyovuna iyovuna ayiyuvuna engeyuvuna ingeyuvuna
class 5 liyovuna eliyovuna liyovuna aliyuvuna elingeyuvuna lingeyuvuna
class 6 ayovuna ayovuna eyovuna awayuvuna angeyuvuna engeyuvuna
class 7 siyovuna esiyovuna siyovuna asiyuvuna esingeyuvuna singeyuvuna
class 8 ziyovuna eziyovuna ziyovuna aziyuvuna ezingeyuvuna zingeyuvuna
class 9 iyovuna eyovuna iyovuna ayiyuvuna engeyuvuna ingeyuvuna
class 10 ziyovuna eziyovuna ziyovuna aziyuvuna ezingeyuvuna zingeyuvuna
class 11 luyovuna oluyovuna luyovuna aluyuvuna olungeyuvuna lungeyuvuna
class 14 buyovuna obuyovuna buyovuna abuyuvuna obungeyuvuna bungeyuvuna
class 15 kuyovuna okuyovuna kuyovuna akuyuvuna okungeyuvuna kungeyuvuna
class 17 kuyovuna okuyovuna kuyovuna akuyuvuna okungeyuvuna kungeyuvuna
present subjunctive
positive negative
1st singular ngivune ngingavuni
2nd singular uvune ungavuni
1st plural sivune singavuni
2nd plural nivune ningavuni
class 1 avune angavuni
class 2 bavune bangavuni
class 3 uvune ungavuni
class 4 ivune ingavuni
class 5 livune lingavuni
class 6 avune angavuni
class 7 sivune singavuni
class 8 zivune zingavuni
class 9 ivune ingavuni
class 10 zivune zingavuni
class 11 luvune lungavuni
class 14 buvune bungavuni
class 15 kuvune kungavuni
class 17 kuvune kungavuni
past subjunctive
positive negative
1st singular ngavuna ngangavuna, angavuna, angangavuna
2nd singular wavuna wangavuna, awavuna, awangavuna
1st plural savuna sangavuna, asavuna, asangavuna
2nd plural navuna nangavuna, anavuna, anangavuna
class 1 wavuna wangavuna, akavuna, akangavuna
class 2 bavuna bangavuna, abavuna, abangavuna
class 3 wavuna wangavuna, awavuna, awangavuna
class 4 yavuna yangavuna, ayavuna, ayangavuna
class 5 lavuna langavuna, alavuna, alangavuna
class 6 avuna angavuna, awavuna, awangavuna
class 7 savuna sangavuna, asavuna, asangavuna
class 8 zavuna zangavuna, azavuna, azangavuna
class 9 yavuna yangavuna, ayavuna, ayangavuna
class 10 zavuna zangavuna, azavuna, azangavuna
class 11 lwavuna lwangavuna, alwavuna, alwangavuna
class 14 bavuna bangavuna, abavuna, abangavuna
class 15 kwavuna kwangavuna, akwavuna, akwangavuna
class 17 kwavuna kwangavuna, akwavuna, akwangavuna

References

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