Egyptian
Etymology
s- (causative prefix) + ḏd (“to say”).
Pronunciation
- (reconstructed) IPA(key): /ˈsicʼtʼit/ → /ˈsit͡ʃʔʼiʔ/ → /ˈset͡ʃʼa/ → /ˈset͡ʃʼə/
Verb
caus. 2-lit.
- (transitive) to recount
c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE,
Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 20–23:
- swrd pw ḏd n.k sḏd.j r.f n.k mjtt jrj ḫpr(.w) m-ꜥ.j ḏs.j
- It’s tiring to talk to you. Even so, let me recount to you something similar to this that happened to me myself.
c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE,
Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) line 124:
- ršwj sḏd dpt.n.f zn ḫt mr
- How joyful is he who recounts what he has experienced when a painful thing passes!
Inflection
Conjugation of sḏd (causative biliteral / caus. 2-lit. / caus. 2rad.) — base stem: sḏd
| infinitival forms
|
imperative
|
| infinitive
|
negatival complement
|
complementary infinitive1
|
singular
|
plural
|
sḏdt, sḏd
|
sḏdw, sḏd
|
sḏdt
|
sḏd
|
sḏd
|
| ‘pseudoverbal’ forms
|
| stative stem
|
periphrastic imperfective2
|
periphrastic prospective2
|
sḏd
|
ḥr sḏd
|
m sḏd
|
r sḏd
|
| suffix conjugation
|
| aspect / mood
|
active
|
passive
|
contingent
|
| aspect / mood
|
active
|
passive
|
| perfect
|
sḏd.n
|
sḏdw, sḏd
|
consecutive
|
sḏd.jn
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| terminative
|
sḏdt
|
| perfective3
|
sḏd
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
obligative1
|
sḏd.ḫr
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| imperfective
|
sḏd
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| prospective3
|
sḏdw, sḏd, sḏdy
|
sḏdw, sḏd, sḏdy
|
potentialis1
|
sḏd.kꜣ
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| subjunctive
|
sḏd
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| verbal adjectives
|
| aspect / mood
|
relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms
|
participles
|
| active
|
passive
|
active
|
passive
|
| perfect
|
sḏd.n
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
—
|
—
|
| perfective
|
sḏd
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
sḏd
|
sḏd, sḏdw5, sḏdy5
|
| imperfective
|
sḏd, sḏdy, sḏdw5
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
sḏd, sḏdj6, sḏdy6
|
sḏd, sḏdw5
|
| prospective
|
sḏd, sḏdtj7
|
—
|
sḏdwtj1 4, sḏdtj4, sḏdt4
|
1 Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
2 Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
3 Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
4 Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn.
5 Only in the masculine singular.
6 Only in the masculine.
7 Only in the feminine.
|
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of sḏd
Descendants
- Demotic: sḏy
- Akhmimic Coptic: ⲥⲉϫⲉ (seče)
- Bohairic Coptic: ⲥⲁϫⲓ (sači)
- Fayyumic Coptic: ϣⲉϫⲓ (šeči)
- Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲥⲉϫⲉ (seče)
- Sahidic Coptic: ϣⲁϫⲉ (šače)
References
- Hoch, James (1997) Middle Egyptian Grammar, Mississauga: Benben Publications, →ISBN, pages 89, 113
- ^ Loprieno, Antonio (1995) Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 49, 53