功臣

Chinese

		merit; achievement; result merit; achievement; result; service; accomplishment	statesman; vassal; courtier statesman; vassal; courtier; minister; official
simp. and trad. (功臣)		功	臣

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): gōngchén

(Zhuyin): ㄍㄨㄥㄔㄣˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): gung¹ san⁴
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): kûng-sṳ̀n

(Hailu, HRS): gung^ˋ shin
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): kong-sîn / kong-chhîn

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: gōngchén
  - Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄥㄔㄣˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: gongchén
  - Wade–Giles: kung¹-chʻên²
  - Yale: gūng-chén
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gongchern
  - Palladius: гунчэнь (gunčɛnʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʊŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰən³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: gung¹ san⁴
  - Yale: gūng sàhn
  - Cantonese Pinyin: gung¹ san⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: gung¹ sen⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʊŋ⁵⁵ sɐn²¹/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kûng-sṳ̀n
  - Hakka Romanization System: gung^ˊ siin^ˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: gung¹ sin²
  - Sinological IPA: /kuŋ²⁴ sɨn¹¹/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
  - Hakka Romanization System: gung^ˋ shin
  - Sinological IPA: /kuŋ⁵³ ʃin⁵⁵/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kong-sîn
  - Tâi-lô: kong-sîn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kongsiin
  - IPA (Xiamen): /kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² sin²⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kɔŋ³³ sin²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ sin²³/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² sin¹³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ sin²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Longyan)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kong-chhîn
  - Tâi-lô: kong-tshîn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kongchiin
  - IPA (Longyan): /koŋ³³⁴ t͡sʰin¹¹/

Middle Chinese: kuwng dzyin

Rime
Character	功	臣
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)	常 (25)
Final (韻)	東 (1)	眞 (43)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	III
Fanqie	古紅切	植鄰切
Baxter	kuwng	dzyin
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kuŋ/	/d͡ʑiɪn/
Pan Wuyun	/kuŋ/	/d͡ʑin/
Shao Rongfen	/kuŋ/	/d͡ʑjen/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kəwŋ/	/d͡ʑin/
Li Rong	/kuŋ/	/ʑiĕn/
Wang Li	/kuŋ/	/ʑĭĕn/
Bernhard Karlgren	/kuŋ/	/ʑi̯ĕn/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	gōng	chén
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gung¹	san⁴

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*kˤoŋ [ɡ]i[ŋ]/

(Zhengzhang): /*koːŋ ɡiŋ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	功	臣
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	gōng	chén
Middle Chinese	‹ kuwng ›	‹ dzyin ›
Old Chinese	/*kˁoŋ/	/*[ɡ]i[ŋ]/
English	work, effort	slave, subject
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	功	臣
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	4021	1342
Phonetic component	工	臣
Rime group	東	眞
Rime subdivision	0	2
Corresponding MC rime	公	辰
Old Chinese	/*koːŋ/	/*ɡiŋ/
Notes		甲文臧象以戈刺目爲奴，省戈表不刺者則爲臣，專指役使於家內者

Noun

功臣

person who has made an exceptional contribution
(historical) subject, minister or official who has rendered outstanding service

Synonyms

(subject, minister or official): 勛臣／勋臣 (xūnchén)

References

郭启熹 [Guo, Qixi], editor (2016), “功臣”, in 龙岩方言词典 LONGYAN FANGYAN CIDIAN [Dictionary of Longyan dialect] (overall work in Min Nan and Mandarin), Xiamen: 鷺江出版社 [Lujiang Publishing House], →ISBN, page 486.

Japanese

Kanji in this term
功	臣
こう Grade: 4	しん Grade: 4
on'yomi

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 功臣 (MC kuwng dzyin).

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) こーしん [kòóshíń] (Heiban – [0])^[1]^[2]^[3]
IPA^(key): [ko̞ːɕĩɴ]

Noun

功(こう)臣(しん) • (kōshin)

a meritorious retainer

References

^ Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2011), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Seventh edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
^ “功臣”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎^[1] (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000-2002, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here

Korean

Hanja in this term
功	臣

Noun

功臣 • (gongsin) (hangeul 공신)

hanja form^? of 공신

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
功	臣

Noun

功臣

chữ Hán form of công thần