春秋

Chinese

		spring (time); gay; joyful spring (time); gay; joyful; youthful; love; lust; life	autumn; fall; harvest time autumn; fall; harvest time; a swing
trad. (春秋)		春	秋
simp. ^#(春秋)		春	秋

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): chūnqiū

(Zhuyin): ㄔㄨㄣㄑㄧㄡ
Cantonese (Jyutping): ceon¹ cau¹
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): chhûn-chhiû
Eastern Min (BUC): chŭng-chiŭ
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): chhun-chhiu

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: chūnqiū
  - Zhuyin: ㄔㄨㄣㄑㄧㄡ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: chunciou
  - Wade–Giles: chʻun¹-chʻiu¹
  - Yale: chwūn-chyōu
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chuenchiou
  - Palladius: чуньцю (čunʹcju)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵/
- (Standard Chinese, erhua-ed)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: chūnqiūr
  - Zhuyin: ㄔㄨㄣㄑㄧㄡㄦ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: chunciour
  - Wade–Giles: chʻun¹-chʻiu¹-ʼrh
  - Yale: chwūn-chyōur
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chuenchioul
  - Palladius: чуньцюр (čunʹcjur)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯ɤʊ̯ɻʷ⁵⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: ceon¹ cau¹
  - Yale: chēun chāu
  - Cantonese Pinyin: tsoen¹ tsau¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: cên¹ ceo¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰɵn⁵⁵ t͡sʰɐu̯⁵⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhûn-chhiû
  - Hakka Romanization System: cun^ˊ qiu^ˊ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: cun¹ qiu¹
  - Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰun²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰi̯u²⁴/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: chŭng-chiŭ
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰuŋ⁵⁵ ^(t͡sʰ-)ʒieu⁵⁵/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhun-chhiu
  - Tâi-lô: tshun-tshiu
  - Phofsit Daibuun: zhunchiw
  - IPA (Xiamen): /t͡sʰun⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰiu⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sʰun³³ t͡sʰiu³³/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡sʰun⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰiu⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Taipei): /t͡sʰun⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰiu⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sʰun⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰiu⁴⁴/

Middle Chinese: tsyhwin tshjuw

Rime
Character	春	秋
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	昌 (24)	清 (14)
Final (韻)	諄 (47)	尤 (136)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed	Open
Division (等)	III	III
Fanqie	昌脣切	七由切
Baxter	tsyhwin	tshjuw
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/t͡ɕʰiuɪn/	/t͡sʰɨu/
Pan Wuyun	/t͡ɕʰʷin/	/t͡sʰiu/
Shao Rongfen	/t͡ɕʰjuen/	/t͡sʰiəu/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/cʰwin/	/t͡sʰuw/
Li Rong	/t͡ɕʰiuĕn/	/t͡sʰiu/
Wang Li	/t͡ɕʰĭuĕn/	/t͡sʰĭəu/
Bernhard Karlgren	/t͡ɕʰi̯uĕn/	/t͡sʰi̯ə̯u/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	chūn	qiū
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ceon¹	cau¹

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*tʰun tsʰiw/

(Zhengzhang): /*tʰjun sʰɯw/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	春	秋
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	chūn	qiū
Middle Chinese	‹ tsyhwin ›	‹ tshjuw ›
Old Chinese	/*tʰun/	/*tsʰiw/
English	springtime	autumn; crop
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	春	秋
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	12573	10537
Phonetic component	屯	秋
Rime group	文	幽
Rime subdivision	2	2
Corresponding MC rime	春	秋
Old Chinese	/*tʰjun/	/*sʰɯw/
Notes	說文從艸從日屯聲，實屯繁化轉註字

Noun

春秋

(literally) spring and autumn
(metonymic) the four seasons
(figurative) a year's time; year
(figurative) person's age
春秋鼎盛 ― chūnqiū dǐngshèng ― in the prime of one's life
(figurative) time (as a general concept)
(figurative) annal; chronicle of events by year

Derived terms

富春秋
春秋幾何 / 春秋几何
春秋日高
春秋榜
春秋鼎盛 (chūnqiūdǐngshèng)
楚漢春秋 / 楚汉春秋
皮裡春秋 / 皮里春秋
蟪蛄不知春秋

Proper noun

春秋

the Spring and Autumn Annals (the chronicle of the state of Lu)
the Spring and Autumn period (770–476 BC)

Synonyms

(Spring and Autumn Annals): 麟經／麟经 (Línjīng), 麟史 (Línshǐ)

Coordinate terms

四書五經／四书五经 (Sìshūwǔjīng, “Four Books and Five Classics”)

四書／四书 (Sìshū, “Four Books”)

大學／大学 (Dàxué, “Great Learning”)
中庸 (Zhōngyōng, “Doctrine of the Mean”)
論語／论语 (Lúnyǔ, “Analects”)
孟子 (Mèngzǐ, “Mencius”)

五經／五经 (Wǔjīng, “Five Classics”)

詩經／诗经 (Shījīng, “Classic of Poetry”)
書經／书经 (Shūjīng, “Book of Documents”)
禮記／礼记 (Lǐjì, “Book of Rites”)
易經／易经 (Yìjīng, “I Ching”)
春秋 (Chūnqiū, “Spring and Autumn Annals”)

Derived terms

呂氏春秋 / 吕氏春秋 (Lǚshìchūnqiū)
春秋三傳 / 春秋三传 (Chūnqiū Sānzhuàn)
春秋五霸
春秋大一統 / 春秋大一统
春秋大夢 / 春秋大梦 (chūnqiūdàmèng)
春秋大義 / 春秋大义
春秋時代 / 春秋时代 (Chūnqiū Shídài)
春秋筆削 / 春秋笔削
春秋筆法 / 春秋笔法 (Chūnqiū bǐfǎ)
晏子春秋 (Yànzǐ Chūnqiū)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (春秋):

→ Japanese: 春秋(しゅんじゅう) (shunjū)
→ Korean: 춘추(春秋) (chunchu)
→ Vietnamese: Xuân Thu (春秋)

Japanese

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
春	秋
しゅん Grade: 2	しゅう > じゅう Grade: 2
kan'on

From Middle Chinese compound 春秋 (MC tsyhwin tshjuw, literally “spring and autumn”). The kan'on, so probably a shift in reading after initial borrowing.

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) しゅんじゅう [shùńjúú] (Heiban – [0])^[1]^[2]
(Tokyo) しゅんじゅう [shúꜜǹjùù] (Atamadaka – [1])^[1]^[2]
IPA^(key): [ɕɨ̃ɲ̟d͡ʑɨː]

Noun

春(しゅん)秋(じゅう) • (shunjū)

spring and autumn
(metonymic) a year; (by extension) one's age

Proper noun

春(しゅん)秋(じゅう) • (Shunjū)

the Spring and Autumn Annals

Coordinate terms

四(し)書(しょ)五(ご)経(きょう) (Shisho Gokyō, “Four Books and Five Classics”)

四(し)書(しょ) (Shisho, “Four Books”)

大(だい)学(がく) (Daigaku, “Great Learning”)
中(ちゅう)庸(よう) (Chūyō, “Doctrine of the Mean”)
論(ろん)語(ご) (Rongo, “Analects”)
孟(もう)子(し) (Mōshi, “Mencius”)

五(ご)経(きょう) (Gokyō, “Five Classics”)

詩(しき)経(ょう) (Shikyō, “Classic of Poetry”)
書(しょ)経(きょう) (Shokyō, “Book of Documents”)
礼(らい)記(き) (Raiki, “Book of Rites”)
易(えき)経(きょう) (Ekikyō, “I Ching”)
春(しゅん)秋(じゅう) (Shunjū, “Spring and Autumn Annals”)

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
春	秋
はる Grade: 2	あき Grade: 2
kun'yomi

Compound of 春 (haru, “spring”) +‎ 秋 (aki, “autumn”).

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) はるあき [háꜜrùàkì] (Atamadaka – [1])^[1]^[2]
IPA^(key): [ha̠ɾɯ̟a̠kʲi]

Noun

春(はる)秋(あき) • (haruaki)

spring and autumn
(metonymic) a year; (by extension) one's age
- 1212, Kamo no Chōmei, Hōjōki [The Ten-Foot Square Hut]:
  
  四(よん)十(じゅう)あまりの春(はる)秋(あき)をおくれる間(あいだ)に
  yonjū amari no haruaki o okureru aida ni
  during the course of living some forty-odd years

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

Korean

Hanja in this term
春	秋

Proper noun

春秋 • (Chunchu) (hangeul 춘추)

hanja form^? of 춘추 (“Spring and Autumn Annals”)

Coordinate terms

사서오경 (四書五經, Saseoogyeong, “Four Books and Five Classics”)

사서 (四書, Saseo, “Four Books”)

대학 (大學, Daehak, “Great Learning”)
중용 (中庸, Jung'yong, “Doctrine of the Mean”)
논어 (論語, Noneo, “Analects”)
맹자 (孟子, Maengja, “Mencius”)

오경 (五經, Ogyeong, “Five Classics”)

시경 (詩經, Sigyeong, “Classic of Poetry”)
서경 (書經, Seogyeong, “Book of Documents”)
예기 (禮記, Yegi, “Book of Rites”)
역경 (易經, Yeokgyeong, “I Ching”)
춘추 (春秋, Chunchu, “Spring and Autumn Annals”)

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
春	秋

Proper noun

春秋

chữ Hán form of Xuân Thu

[DJR-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[NHK-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

[1]

[2]

Dynasties (朝代) in Chinese history
Name	Time period	Divisions
Xia 夏 (～朝, ～代)	2070 – 1600 BCE
Shang 商 (～朝, ～代) 殷 (～朝, ～代)	1600 – 1046 BCE
Zhou 周 (～朝, ～代)	1046 – 256 BCE	Western Zhou 西周
		Eastern Zhou 東周 / 东周	Spring and Autumn period 春秋
		Eastern Zhou 東周 / 东周	Warring States period 戰國 / 战国
Qin 秦 (～朝, ～代)	221 – 206 BCE
Han 漢 / 汉 (～朝, ～代)	206 BCE – 220 C.E.	Western Han 西漢 / 西汉
		Xin 新 (～朝)
		Eastern Han 東漢 / 东汉
Three Kingdoms 三國 / 三国	220 – 280 C.E.	Wei 魏
		Shu Han 蜀漢 / 蜀汉
		Wu 吳 / 吴
Jin 晉 / 晋 (～朝, ～代)	265 – 420 C.E.	Western Jin 西晉 / 西晋
Jin 晉 / 晋 (～朝, ～代)	265 – 420 C.E.	Eastern Jin 東晉 / 东晋
Southern and Northern dynasties 南北朝	420 – 589 C.E.	Northern dynasties 北朝	Northern Wei 北魏
			Western Wei 西魏
			Eastern Wei 東魏 / 东魏
			Northern Zhou 北周
			Northern Qi 北齊 / 北齐
		Southern dynasties 南朝	Liu Song 劉宋 / 刘宋
			Southern Qi 南齊 / 南齐
			Liang 梁 (～朝, ～代)
			Chen 陳 / 陈 (～朝, ～代)
Sui 隋 (～朝, ～代)	581 – 618 C.E.
Tang 唐 (～朝, ～代)	618 – 907 C.E.
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms 五代十國 / 五代十国	907 – 960 C.E.
Liao 遼 / 辽 (～朝, ～代)	907 – 1125 C.E.
Song 宋 (～朝, ～代)	960 – 1279 C.E.	Northern Song 北宋
Song 宋 (～朝, ～代)	960 – 1279 C.E.	Southern Song 南宋
Western Xia 西夏	1038 – 1227 C.E.
Jin 金 (～朝, ～代)	1115 – 1234 C.E.
Western Liao 西遼 / 西辽	1124 – 1218 C.E.
Yuan 元 (～朝, ～代)	1271 – 1368 C.E.
Ming 明 (～朝, ～代)	1368 – 1644 C.E.
Qing 清 (～朝, ～代)	1636 – 1912 C.E.

Chinese

Pronunciation

Noun

Derived terms

Proper noun

Synonyms

Coordinate terms

Derived terms

See also

Descendants

Japanese

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

Noun

Proper noun

Coordinate terms

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

Noun

References

Korean

Proper noun

Coordinate terms

Vietnamese

Proper noun