暇

暇	U+6687, 暇 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6687

← 暆
[U+6686]

CJK Unified Ideographs

暈 →
[U+6688]

Translingual

Han character

暇 (Kangxi radical 72, 日+9, 13 strokes, cangjie input 日口尸水 (ARSE), four-corner 6704₇, composition ⿰日叚)

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 497, character 36
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14036
Dae Jaweon: page 865, character 27
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1527, character 2
Unihan data for U+6687

Chinese

simp. and trad.		暇
2nd round simp.		⿰日下

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 暇
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script

Characters in the same phonetic series (叚) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
葭	*kraː
麚	*kraː
瘕	kraː, kraːʔ
豭	*kraː
貑	*kraː
猳	*kraː
犌	*kraː
假	kraːʔ, kraːs
嘏	*kraːʔ
婽	*kraːʔ
椵	*kraːʔ
叚	*kraːʔ
蝦	qʰraː, ɡraː
煆	qʰraː, qʰraːs
霞	*ɡraː
遐	*ɡraː
瑕	*ɡraː
鰕	*ɡraː
碬	*ɡraː
蕸	*ɡraː
赮	*ɡraː
鍜	*ɡraː
騢	*ɡraː
暇	*ɡraːs

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɡraːs): semantic 日 (“sun”) + phonetic 叚 (OC *kraːʔ)

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Any relation to 假 ("vacation")?”)

Pulleyblank (1973) suggests that it is cognate with 閒 (OC *ɡreːn, “idle, unoccupied, relaxed, etc.”).

Sagart (2023b) relates it to 夏 (OC *[ɡ]ˤraʔ) "summer" and Burmese အား (a:, “to be free (not in use; without obligations)”).

Pronunciation 1

Mandarin
(Pinyin): xiá, xià (xia², xia⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄚˊ, ㄒㄧㄚˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): haa⁶
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): hâ / hā / hēe / hě / hē / hê
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁵shia

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: xiá
  - Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄚˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: siá
  - Wade–Giles: hsia²
  - Yale: syá
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shya
  - Palladius: ся (sja)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕi̯ä³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: xià
  - Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄚˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: sià
  - Wade–Giles: hsia⁴
  - Yale: syà
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiah
  - Palladius: ся (sja)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕi̯ä⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: haa⁶
  - Yale: hah
  - Cantonese Pinyin: haa⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: ha⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /haː²²/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Xiamen)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hâ
  - Tâi-lô: hâ
  - Phofsit Daibuun: haa
  - IPA (Quanzhou, Xiamen): /ha²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hā
  - Tâi-lô: hā
  - Phofsit Daibuun: ha
  - IPA (Xiamen): /ha²²/
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /ha³³/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /ha⁴¹/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hēe
  - Tâi-lô: hēe
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /hɛ²²/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hě
  - Tâi-lô: hě
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /he²²/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hē
  - Tâi-lô: hē
  - Phofsit Daibuun: he
  - IPA (Xiamen): /he²²/
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /he³³/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hê
  - Tâi-lô: hê
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hee
  - IPA (Xiamen): /he²⁴/

Note:

hâ/hā/hēe - literary;
hě/hē/hê - vernacular.

Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁵shia
  - MiniDict: shia^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²xia
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɕia³⁴/

Middle Chinese: haeH

Rime
Character	暇
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	麻 (98)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	II
Fanqie	胡駕切
Baxter	haeH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɦˠa^H/
Pan Wuyun	/ɦᵚa^H/
Shao Rongfen	/ɣa^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɦaɨ^H/
Li Rong	/ɣa^H/
Wang Li	/ɣa^H/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ɣa^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	xià
Expected Cantonese Reflex	haa⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɡ]ˤra-s/

(Zhengzhang): /*ɡraːs/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	暇
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	xià
Middle Chinese	‹ hæ^H ›
Old Chinese	/*[ɡ]ˁra-s/
English	leisure
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	暇
Reading #	1/1
No.	5975
Phonetic component	叚
Rime group	魚
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime
Old Chinese	/*ɡraːs/

Definitions

暇

leisure; relaxation; free time; spare time
leisurely; relaxed; carefree; idle

Compounds

不暇 (bùxiá)
休暇 (xiūxiá)
寸暇
應接不暇 / 应接不暇 (yìngjiēbùxiá)
放暇
日無暇晷 / 日无暇晷
暇人
無暇 / 无暇 (wúxiá)
目不暇給 / 目不暇给 (mùbùxiájǐ)
空暇 (kòngxiá)
自顧不暇 / 自顾不暇 (zìgùbùxiá)
閒暇 / 闲暇 (xiánxiá)
餘暇 / 余暇 (yúxiá)

Pronunciation 2

Mandarin
(Pinyin): jiǎ (jia³)

(Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄚˇ

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: jiǎ
  - Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄚˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jiǎ
  - Wade–Giles: chia³
  - Yale: jyǎ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jea
  - Palladius: цзя (czja)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi̯ä²¹⁴/

Definitions

暇

alternative form of 假 (“to use; to borrow”)

References

“暇”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Kanji

暇

(Jōyō kanji)

Readings

Go-on: げ (ge)
Kan-on: か (ka, Jōyō)
Kun: ひま (hima, 暇, Jōyō)、いとま (itoma, 暇)

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
暇
ひま Grade: S
kun'yomi

Alternative spelling
閑

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) ひま [hìmá] (Heiban – [0])^[1]
IPA^(key): [çima̠]

Adjective

暇(ひま) • (hima) -na (adnominal 暇(ひま)な (hima na), adverbial 暇(ひま)に (hima ni))

free; leisure; idle; vacant

Inflection

Inflection of 暇

Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形)	暇だろ	ひまだろ	hima daro
Continuative (連用形)	暇で	ひまで	hima de
Terminal (終止形)	暇だ	ひまだ	hima da
Attributive (連体形)	暇な	ひまな	hima na
Hypothetical (仮定形)	暇なら	ひまなら	hima nara
Imperative (命令形)	暇であれ	ひまであれ	hima de are
Key constructions
Informal negative	暇ではない暇じゃない	ひまではないひまじゃない	hima de wa nai hima ja nai
Informal past	暇だった	ひまだった	hima datta
Informal negative past	暇ではなかった暇じゃなかった	ひまではなかったひまじゃなかった	hima de wa nakatta hima ja nakatta
Formal	暇です	ひまです	hima desu
Formal negative	暇ではありません暇じゃありません	ひまではありませんひまじゃありません	hima de wa arimasen hima ja arimasen
Formal past	暇でした	ひまでした	hima deshita
Formal negative past	暇ではありませんでした暇じゃありませんでした	ひまではありませんでしたひまじゃありませんでした	hima de wa arimasen deshita hima ja arimasen deshita
Conjunctive	暇で	ひまで	hima de
Conditional	暇なら（ば）	ひまなら（ば）	hima nara (ba)
Provisional	暇だったら	ひまだったら	hima dattara
Volitional	暇だろう	ひまだろう	hima darō
Adverbial	暇に	ひまに	hima ni
Degree	暇さ	ひまさ	himasa

Noun

暇(ひま) • (hima)

time, free time
leisure

Derived terms

暇人(ひまじん) (himajin)
暇(ひま)を唾(つば)す (hima o tsubasu)

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
暇
いとま Grade: S
kun'yomi

Alternative spelling
遑

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) いとま [ìtómá] (Heiban – [0])^[1]
(Tokyo) いとま [ìtómáꜜ] (Odaka – [3])^[1]
IPA^(key): [ito̞ma̠]

Noun

暇(いとま) • (itoma)

leisure
paid vacation
divorce
loss of one's job
farewell

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Middle Korean readings, if any”)

Pronunciation

(SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [ka̠]
Phonetic hangul: [가]

Hanja

Wikisource

暇 • (ga) (hangeul 가, revised ga, McCune–Reischauer ka, Yale ka)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

暇: Hán Nôm readings: hạ, hả, há, hã, he, hẻ, hẽ

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

[DJR-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

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