珊瑚

Chinese

FWOTD – 16 October 2014

		phonetic
trad. (珊瑚)		珊	瑚
simp. ^#(珊瑚)		珊	瑚

Etymology

Borrowed from an Iranian language in Central Asia during the Han Dynasty, probably Khotanese sam̥gga- (“stone”). Compare Modern Persian (sang, “stone”).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): shānhú

(Zhuyin): ㄕㄢㄏㄨˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): saan¹ wu⁴
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): sân-fù
Eastern Min (BUC): săng-hù / dăng-hù
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): san-ô͘ / soan-ô͘ / soan-lô͘
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ¹se-wu

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: shānhú
  - Zhuyin: ㄕㄢㄏㄨˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: shanhú
  - Wade–Giles: shan¹-hu²
  - Yale: shān-hú
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shanhwu
  - Palladius: шаньху (šanʹxu)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʂän⁵⁵ xu³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: saan¹ wu⁴
  - Yale: sāan wùh
  - Cantonese Pinyin: saan¹ wu⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: san¹ wu⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /saːn⁵⁵ wuː²¹/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sân-fù
  - Hakka Romanization System: san^ˊ fu^ˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: san¹ fu²
  - Sinological IPA: /san²⁴ fu¹¹/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: săng-hù / dăng-hù
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /saŋ⁵⁵ ^(h-)ŋu⁵³/, /taŋ⁵⁵ ^(h-)ŋu⁵³/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, variant in Taiwan, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: san-ô͘
  - Tâi-lô: san-ôo
  - Phofsit Daibuun: san'oo
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /san⁴⁴⁻³³ ɔ²³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /san⁴⁴⁻³³ ɔ²⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /san⁴⁴⁻²² ɔ¹³/
  - IPA (Xiamen): /san⁴⁴⁻²² ɔ²⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /san³³ ɔ²⁴/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: soan-ô͘
  - Tâi-lô: suan-ôo
  - Phofsit Daibuun: soan'oo
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /suan⁴⁴⁻³³ ɔ²³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /suan⁴⁴⁻³³ ɔ²⁴/
- (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: soan-lô͘
  - Tâi-lô: suan-lôo
  - Phofsit Daibuun: soanloo
  - IPA (Taipei): /suan⁴⁴⁻³³ lɔ²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /suan⁴⁴⁻³³ lɔ²³/
Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ¹se-wu
  - MiniDict: se^平 wu
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ¹se-hhu
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /se⁵⁵ ɦu²¹/

Middle Chinese: san hu

Rime
Character	珊	瑚
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	心 (16)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	寒 (61)	模 (23)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	I
Fanqie	蘇干切	戸吳切
Baxter	san	hu
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/sɑn/	/ɦuo/
Pan Wuyun	/sɑn/	/ɦuo/
Shao Rongfen	/sɑn/	/ɣo/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/san/	/ɦɔ/
Li Rong	/sɑn/	/ɣo/
Wang Li	/sɑn/	/ɣu/
Bernhard Karlgren	/sɑn/	/ɣuo/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	sān	hú
Expected Cantonese Reflex	saan¹	wu⁴

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*slaːn ɡaː/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	珊	瑚
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	11064	4246
Phonetic component	删	古
Rime group	元	魚
Rime subdivision	1	0
Corresponding MC rime	𦙽	胡
Old Chinese	/*slaːn/	/*ɡaː/

Noun

珊瑚

coral
- （罽賓國）出封牛、水牛、象、大狗、沐猴、孔爵、珠璣、珊瑚、虎魄、璧流離。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  （罽宾国）出封牛、水牛、象、大狗、沐猴、孔爵、珠玑、珊瑚、虎魄、璧流离。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Book of Han, circa 1^st century CE
  (Jìbīn guó) chū fēngniú, shuǐniú, xiàng, dàgǒu, mùhóu, kǒngjué, zhūjī, shānhú, hǔpò, bìliúlí. [Pinyin]
  (The country of Jibin in the Western Regions) produces bison, buffalo, elephants, big dogs (kuchis?), macaques, peacocks, jewels, corals, ambers and cat's eyes.

Derived terms

八放珊瑚
六射珊瑚
多放珊瑚
床板珊瑚
扇珊瑚 (shànshānhú)
打碎珊瑚
拖鞋珊瑚
擊珊瑚碎 / 击珊瑚碎
擊碎珊瑚 / 击碎珊瑚
日射珊瑚
木珊瑚
桃葉珊瑚 / 桃叶珊瑚
珊瑚化石
珊瑚在網 / 珊瑚在网 (shānhú zài wǎng)
珊瑚婚
珊瑚島 / 珊瑚岛 (shānhúdǎo)
珊瑚木難 / 珊瑚木难
珊瑚樹 / 珊瑚树
珊瑚海 (Shānhúhǎi)
珊瑚珠
珊瑚礁 (shānhújiāo)
珊瑚網 / 珊瑚网
珊瑚翹 / 珊瑚翘
珊瑚花
珊瑚菌
珊瑚菜
珊瑚藻
珊瑚蘭 / 珊瑚兰 (shānhúlán)
珊瑚蛇 (shānhúshé)
珊瑚蟲 / 珊瑚虫 (shānhúchóng)
珊瑚鉤 / 珊瑚钩
珊瑚頂 / 珊瑚顶
皺紋珊瑚 / 皱纹珊瑚
真葉珊瑚 / 真叶珊瑚 (zhēnyèshānhú)
綠珊瑚 / 绿珊瑚
草珊瑚 (cǎoshānhú)
蜈蚣珊瑚
鏈珊瑚 / 链珊瑚
鐵網珊瑚 / 铁网珊瑚

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (珊瑚):

→ Japanese: 珊瑚(さんご) (sango)
→ Okinawan: 珊瑚(さんぐ) (sangu)
→ Korean: 산호(珊瑚) (sanho)
→ Vietnamese: san hô (珊瑚)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
珊	瑚
さん Jinmeiyō	ご Jinmeiyō
goon

Etymology

Ultimately from Middle Chinese 珊瑚 (MC san hu). First cited in Japanese in a text from 892.^[1]

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) さんご [sáꜜǹgò] (Atamadaka – [1])^[2]^[3]
IPA^(key): [sã̠ŋɡo̞]

Noun

珊(さん)瑚(ご) or 珊(サン)瑚(ゴ) • (sango)

[from 892] coral
- 2022 April 26, 安(あ)倍(べ)晋(しん)三(ぞう) (Abe Shinzō)<t:Shinzō Abe>, Twitter‎^[1], archived from the original on 28 October 2022:
  
  相(あい)変(か)わらずの朝(あさ)日(ひ)新(しん)聞(ぶん)。珊(さん)瑚(ご)は大(たい)切(せつ)に。
  Aikawarazu no Asahi Shinbun. Sango wa taisetsu ni.
  The Asahi Shimbun has not changed a bit. Value a coral.

Usage notes

As with many terms that name organisms, this term is often spelled in katakana, especially in biological contexts (where katakana is customary), as サンゴ (sango).

Derived terms

珊瑚(さんご)アナナス (sango ananasu): the coralberry plant, Aechmea fulgens
珊瑚海(さんごかい) (Sango Kai): the Coral Sea
珊瑚蟹(さんごがに) (sangogani): coral crab (family Xanthidae)
珊瑚砂(さんごしゃ) (sangosha): coral sand
珊瑚珠(さんごじゅ) (sangoju): coral beads
珊瑚樹(さんごじゅ) (sangoju): a coral formation; Viburnum odoratissimum
珊瑚樹茄子(さんごじゅなす) (sangoju nasu): alternate for name トマト (tomato)
珊瑚礁(さんごしょう) (sangoshō): a coral reef
珊瑚藻(さんごも) (sangomo): a type of seaweed, coralline algae (Corallinales)
珊瑚虫(さんごちゅう) (sangochū): a coral polyp
珊瑚島(さんごとう) (sangotō): a coral island
珊瑚末(さんごまつ) (sangomatsu): coral powder, used as a pigment
珊瑚網(さんごあみ) (sango ami): a net used to gather coral

References

^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

Korean

Hanja in this term
珊	瑚

Noun

珊瑚 • (sanho) (hangeul 산호)

hanja form^? of 산호 (“coral”)

Okinawan

Kanji in this term
珊	瑚
さん Jinmeiyō	ぐ Jinmeiyō

Etymology

Cognate with Japanese 珊(さん)瑚(ご) (sango).

Noun

珊(さん)瑚(ぐ) (sangu)

coral

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
珊	瑚

Noun

珊瑚

chữ Hán form of san hô (“coral”)

[KDJ-1] Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

[DJR-2] Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[NHK-3] NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

[1]

[2]

[3]