-도다

See also: 도다

Korean

Alternative forms

-로다 (-roda) — used only in certain environments, for which refer to usage notes.

Etymology

From Middle Korean -도〮다〮 (Yale: -twótá) first attested in hangul form in Seokbosangjeol, 1447.

Pronunciation

(SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [to̞da̠]
Phonetic hangul: [도다]

Romanizations
Revised Romanization^?	doda
Revised Romanization (translit.)^?	doda
McCune–Reischauer^?	toda
Yale Romanization^?	tota

Suffix

-도다 • (-doda)

(dated or humorous) A formal non-polite exclamatory ending used to express admiration or surprise.
Synonym: -는구나 (-neun'guna)
- 양사언(楊士彦) (Yang Sa'eon), 태산가(泰山歌), Middle Korean translation in modernized language
  태산이 높다 하 되 하늘 아래 뫼 이로다
  Taesan-i nopda hadoe haneul arae moe-iroda
  Although Taesan is lofty, it is still a mountain underneath heaven
- 시편 135:11 (KRV 개역한글) [Psalm 135:11 (Korean Revised Version)]^[1]; English translation from the King James Version^[2]
  곧 아모리인의 왕 시혼과 바산 왕 옥과 가나안의 모든 국왕 이로다
  got Amoriin-ui wang Sihon-gwa Basan wang Ok-gwa Ganaan-ui modeun gugwang-iroda
  Sihon king of the Amorites, and Og king of Bashan, And all the kingdoms of Canaan
(humorous, mainly 1st person) A formal non-polite exclamatory ending used to declare a certain fact.
나 는 왔도다 ― na-neun watdoda ― I have come!

Usage notes

Even though this was a requirement in Middle Korean, Modern Korean 도다 (-doda) does not have to be substituted with -로다 (-roda) after -이다 (-ida), 아니다 (anida), or -으시- (-eusi-). When used after them, -로다 (-roda) tends to sound more old-fashioned.
-로다 (-roda) is still obligatory after -으리 (-euri).

Middle Korean

Alternative forms

-로〮다〮 (-lwótá) — after the copula and -으〮리〮- (-úlí-)
-옷〮다〮 (-wóstá) — after -ᄂᆞ- (-no-), -더〮- (-té-), and -거- (-ke-)

Etymology

A compound suffix made up of -도〮- (-twó-, emotive suffix) and -다〮 (-tá, declarative mood suffix).

Suffix

도〮다〮 (twótá)

An exclamatory sentence-final suffix

Related terms

-도〮소〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (-twóswóngìtá, the polite version)

Middle Korean sentence enders
Form			Mood	Notes			Applied to 셔 (sye-, “to stand”)
	-다〮 (-tá) -라〮 (-lá)		Declarative	Unmarked			셔다〮 (Yale: syètá)
	-우〮마〮 (-wúmá)		Declarative	Promissive			셔우〮마〮 (Yale: syèwúmá)
-ㄴ (-n)	-다〮 (-tá)		Interrogative	Realis	Obligatory for second-person (2P) subject		션다〮 (Yale: syèntá)
	-가〮 (-ka)				Polar question, non-2P subject		션가〮 (Yale: syènká)
	-고〮 (-kwo)				Wh-word question, non-2P subject		션고〮 (Yale: syènkwó)
-ㅭ (-lq)	-다〮 (-tá)			Irrealis	Obligatory for 2P subject		셜따〮 (Yale: syèlttá)
	-가〮 (-ká)				Polar question, non-2P subject		셜까〮 (Yale: syèlkká)
	-고〮 (-kwó)				Wh-word question, non-2P subject		셜꼬〮 (Yale: syèlkkwó)
-니〮- (-ní-)		-아〮 (-Gá)		Realis	Non-honorific	Polar question	셔니〮아〮 (Yale: syèníGá), 셔녀〮 (Yale: syènyé)
		-오〮 (-Gwó)			Non-honorific	Non-polar question	셔니〮오〮 (Yale: syèníGwó), 셔뇨〮 (Yale: syènywó)
	-ㅅ- (-s-)	-가〮 (-ká)			Deferential	No polarity distinction	셔닛〮가〮 (Yale: syèníská)
	-ᅌᅵᆺ- (-ngìs-)	-가〮 (-ká)			Highly deferential	No polarity distinction	셔니〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (Yale: syèníngìská)
-리〮- (-lí-)		-아〮 (-Gá)		Irrealis	Non-honorific	Polar question	셔리〮아〮 (Yale: syèlíGá), 셔려〮 (Yale: syèlyé)
		-오〮 (-Gwó)			Non-honorific	Non-polar question	셔리〮오〮 (Yale: syèlíGwó), 셔료〮 (Yale: syèlywó)
	-ㅅ- (-s-)	가〮 (-ká)			Deferential	No polarity distinction	셔릿〮가〮 (Yale: syèlíská)
	-ᅌᅵᆺ- (-ngìs-)	가〮 (-ká)			Highly deferential	No polarity distinction	셔리〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (Yale: syèlíngìská)
	-라〮 (-lá)		Imperative	Ordering	Non-honorific		셔라〮 (Yale: syèlá)
	-아〮쎠〮 (-ássyé) -어〮쎠〮 (-éssyé)				Deferential		셔〮쎠〮 (Yale: syéssyé)
	-쇼〮셔〮 (-syósyé)				Highly deferential		셔쇼〮셔〮 (Yale: syèsyósyé)
-고〮- (-kwó-) -오〮- (-Gwó-)	-라〮 (-lá)			Requesting	Non-honorific		셔고〮라〮 (Yale: syèkwólá)
	-려〮 (-lyé)				Deferential		셔고〮려〮 (Yale: syèkwólyé)
	-ᅌᅵ- (-ngì-)	-다〮 (-tá)			Highly deferential		셔고〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (Yale: syèkwóngìtá)
	-져〮 (-cyé)		Propositive	Plain			셔져〮 (Yale: syècyé)
-사〮- (-sá-)	-ᅌᅵ- (-ngì-)	-다〮 (-tá)	Propositive	Deferential			셔사〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (Yale: syèsángìtá)
-ㄴ (-n)	-뎌〮 (-tyé)		Exclamatory	Self-honoring			션뎌〮 (Yale: syèntyé)
-ㅭ (-lq)	-셔〮 (-syé)			Self-honoring			셜쎠〮 (Yale: syèlssyé)
-고〮나〮 (-kwóná)				Only sixteenth century			셔고〮나〮 (Yale: syèkwóná)
Based on 나찬연 2020, 중세 국어의 이해; Lee and Ramsey 2011, History of the Korean Language. Morphological segmentation of the verbal paradigm sometimes differs between analyses. The list is not exhaustive.